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31. In each example below, what will be the result after replication if not repaired? Also note if it results in a transition or transversion: a. O pase pair, an adenine tautomer is placed across from the cytosine during replication ma 1:A base pair, the adenine undergoes tautomerization prior to replication na TA base pair, 5-bromouracil is incorporated across from an adenine prior to replication d. in an A:T base pair, oxoG is placed across from the A during replication C. Why is MutT so important? What occurs in cells lacking this enzyme? o. How does DNA polymerase proofreading specifically recognize mispairs (by what mechanism)? 34. Define the roles of each in mismatch repair: MutS, MutL, and MutH, exonuclease 35. How does E. coli distinguish between the old and new strand for mismatch repair? 36. How do human cells distinguish between the old and new strand for mismatch repair? 37. What are the steps of base excision repair? Where does the glycosylase cleave? 38. Why does the OxoG failsafe system lead to more ATD CG than CGD@ẠT transversions? 39. What are the steps of nucleotide excision repair in bacteria? Why are the bacterial proteins in this pathway named "UV" and human proteins "XP"? 40. Which repair system is tightly coupled to transcription? Why is it important to repair damage sensed by RNA polymerase quickly? 41. What is translesion DNA synthesis and when is it used? Why is it a last resort? Does it repair ssDNA or dsDNA? 12. What are the steps of homologous recombination repair? Which proteins are involved in searching for homologous sequences and how do they function? B. What are the steps of nonhomologous end joining? When is NHEJ used as a mechanism for DNA repair? Why is it a last resort? Does it repair ssDNA or dsDNA? Describe the general steps needed for a cell to become cancerous. How do mutations and chromosomal abnormalities affect proteins and lead to disease? What role do cell cycle checkpoints have in cancer? Define a tumor suppressor and oncogené and give an example of ea Define the role of ATM in the cell and cancer. UporyDNA damage, ATM decides whether to activațe HRR or wnigh Which is preferred and why?

31. In each example below, what will be the result after replication if not repaired? Also note if it results in a transition or transversion: a. O pase pair, an adenine tautomer is placed across from the cytosine during replication ma 1:A base pair, the adenine undergoes tautomerization prior to replication na TA base pair, 5-bromouracil is incorporated across from an adenine prior to replication d. in an A:T base pair, oxoG is placed across from the A during replication C. Why is MutT so important? What occurs in cells lacking this enzyme? o. How does DNA polymerase proofreading specifically recognize mispairs (by what mechanism)? 34. Define the roles of each in mismatch repair: MutS, MutL, and MutH, exonuclease 35. How does E. coli distinguish between the old and new strand for mismatch repair? 36. How do human cells distinguish between the old and new strand for mismatch repair? 37. What are the steps of base excision repair? Where does the glycosylase cleave? 38. Why does the OxoG failsafe system lead to more ATD CG than CGD@ẠT transversions? 39. What are the steps of nucleotide excision repair in bacteria? Why are the bacterial proteins in this pathway named "UV" and human proteins "XP"? 40. Which repair system is tightly coupled to transcription? Why is it important to repair damage sensed by RNA polymerase quickly? 41. What is translesion DNA synthesis and when is it used? Why is it a last resort? Does it repair ssDNA or dsDNA? 12. What are the steps of homologous recombination repair? Which proteins are involved in searching for homologous sequences and how do they function? B. What are the steps of nonhomologous end joining? When is NHEJ used as a mechanism for DNA repair? Why is it a last resort? Does it repair ssDNA or dsDNA? Describe the general steps needed for a cell to become cancerous. How do mutations and chromosomal abnormalities affect proteins and lead to disease? What role do cell cycle checkpoints have in cancer? Define a tumor suppressor and oncogené and give an example of ea Define the role of ATM in the cell and cancer. UporyDNA damage, ATM decides whether to activațe HRR or wnigh Which is preferred and why?

Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...
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31. In each example below, what will be the result after replication if not repaired? Also note if it results in a transition or transversion: a. O pase pair, an adenine tautomer is placed across from the cytosine during replication ma 1:A base pair, the adenine undergoes tautomerization prior to replication na TA base pair, 5-bromouracil is incorporated across from an adenine prior to replication d. in an A:T base pair, oxoG is placed across from the A during replication C. Why is MutT so important? What occurs in cells lacking this enzyme? o. How does DNA polymerase proofreading specifically recognize mispairs (by what mechanism)? 34. Define the roles of each in mismatch repair: MutS, MutL, and MutH, exonuclease 35. How does E. coli distinguish between the old and new strand for mismatch repair? 36. How do human cells distinguish between the old and new strand for mismatch repair? 37. What are the steps of base excision repair? Where does the glycosylase cleave? 38. Why does the OxoG failsafe system lead to more ATD CG than CGD@ẠT transversions? 39. What are the steps of nucleotide excision repair in bacteria? Why are the bacterial proteins in this pathway named "UV" and human proteins "XP"? 40. Which repair system is tightly coupled to transcription? Why is it important to repair damage sensed by RNA polymerase quickly? 41. What is translesion DNA synthesis and when is it used? Why is it a last resort? Does it repair ssDNA or dsDNA? 12. What are the steps of homologous recombination repair? Which proteins are involved in searching for homologous sequences and how do they function? B. What are the steps of nonhomologous end joining? When is NHEJ used as a mechanism for DNA repair? Why is it a last resort? Does it repair ssDNA or dsDNA? Describe the general steps needed for a cell to become cancerous. How do mutations and chromosomal abnormalities affect proteins and lead to disease? What role do cell cycle checkpoints have in cancer? Define a tumor suppressor and oncogené and give an example of ea Define the role of ATM in the cell and cancer. UporyDNA damage, ATM decides whether to activațe HRR or wnigh Which is preferred and why?
Transcribed Image Text:31. In each example below, what will be the result after replication if not repaired? Also note if it results in a transition or transversion: a. O pase pair, an adenine tautomer is placed across from the cytosine during replication ma 1:A base pair, the adenine undergoes tautomerization prior to replication na TA base pair, 5-bromouracil is incorporated across from an adenine prior to replication d. in an A:T base pair, oxoG is placed across from the A during replication C. Why is MutT so important? What occurs in cells lacking this enzyme? o. How does DNA polymerase proofreading specifically recognize mispairs (by what mechanism)? 34. Define the roles of each in mismatch repair: MutS, MutL, and MutH, exonuclease 35. How does E. coli distinguish between the old and new strand for mismatch repair? 36. How do human cells distinguish between the old and new strand for mismatch repair? 37. What are the steps of base excision repair? Where does the glycosylase cleave? 38. Why does the OxoG failsafe system lead to more ATD CG than CGD@ẠT transversions? 39. What are the steps of nucleotide excision repair in bacteria? Why are the bacterial proteins in this pathway named "UV" and human proteins "XP"? 40. Which repair system is tightly coupled to transcription? Why is it important to repair damage sensed by RNA polymerase quickly? 41. What is translesion DNA synthesis and when is it used? Why is it a last resort? Does it repair ssDNA or dsDNA? 12. What are the steps of homologous recombination repair? Which proteins are involved in searching for homologous sequences and how do they function? B. What are the steps of nonhomologous end joining? When is NHEJ used as a mechanism for DNA repair? Why is it a last resort? Does it repair ssDNA or dsDNA? Describe the general steps needed for a cell to become cancerous. How do mutations and chromosomal abnormalities affect proteins and lead to disease? What role do cell cycle checkpoints have in cancer? Define a tumor suppressor and oncogené and give an example of ea Define the role of ATM in the cell and cancer. UporyDNA damage, ATM decides whether to activațe HRR or wnigh Which is preferred and why?
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