### Carbohydrate Structures: Identification and Classification**D. Structure Analysis**- **Diagram Explanation**: The structure shown represents a cyclic carbohydrate molecule featuring a five-membered ring with an oxygen atom. Several hydroxyl (OH) groups are attached to the carbon atoms in the ring.- **Identification Questions**: a. Is it a Pyranose, Furanose, Pyranoside, or Furanoside? b. Is the configuration alpha (α) or beta (β)? c. Does the molecule have reducing or non-reducing properties?**E. Structure Analysis**- **Diagram Explanation**: This structure depicts a six-membered cyclic carbohydrate molecule with an oxygen atom in the ring. It includes multiple hydroxyl (OH) groups attached to the carbon atoms.- **Identification Questions**: a. Is it a Pyranose, Furanose, Pyranoside, or Furanoside? b. Is the configuration alpha (α) or beta (β)? c. Does the molecule have reducing or non-reducing properties?These questions guide the identification and classification of the carbohydrate structure as part of a broader understanding of molecular structure in biochemistry. **3. Write the names of the following sugars as Pyranose/Furanose, Pyranoside/Furanoside, Alpha/Beta, Reducing/Non-reducing sugars:****A.**[Image of a sugar structure with a five-membered ring and multiple hydroxyl (OH) groups]- a. Pyranose/Furanose/Pyranoside/Furanoside- b. Alpha/Beta- c. Reducing/Non-reducing**B.**[Image of a sugar structure with a six-membered ring and multiple hydroxyl (OH) groups]- a. Pyranose/Furanose/Pyranoside/Furanoside- b. Alpha/Beta- c. Reducing/Non-reducing**C.**[Image of a sugar structure with a five-membered ring and multiple hydroxyl (OH) groups]- a. Pyranose/Furanose/Pyranoside/Furanoside- b. Alpha/Beta- c. Reducing/Non-reducing**Explanation:**The diagrams illustrate different sugar molecules with specific ring structures. Each sugar can be categorized based on its ring size (pyranose for six-membered rings, furanose for five-membered rings), its glycosidic linkage (pyranoside or furanoside), the configuration (alpha or beta), and whether it is a reducing or non-reducing sugar.

Sugars or carbohydrates are the most abundant biopolymers in living organisms. Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones. Simple sugars i.e. monosaccharides are made up of single polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone unit, so they cannot be hydrolyzed further. But complex sugars are polymers of simple carbohydrate which are made up of more than two to ten units of monosaccharide units by glycosidic linkages. Monosacharides with 5-6 carbons in the chain gives cyclic structure in aqueous solution via internal hemiacetal or hemiketal formation. A six-membered cyclic hemiacetal ring is called pyranose because its similarity to pyran and the five-membered ring is called a furanose because of its similarity to furan. Cyclic structures exist in two different configurational forms. If the hydroxyl on the anomeric carbon is below the plane of the ring, it is said to be in the α-position, if above the plane of the ring, it is said to be in the β-position. Sugars capable of reducing ferric or cupric ions are called reducing sugars. All monosaccharides whether aldose or ketose in their hemiacetal and hemiketal form are reducing sugars. Sugars which do not have a free reducing end at C1 anomeric carbon are non-reducing sugars.