3. Show whether the statements below are True or False: a) The Euler formula for steel columns deals with inelastic buckling. b) One major reason for inelastic buckling of steel columns is residual stresses that develop in the process of hot rolling. c) Strengths of steel columns are independent of the slenderness ratios of columns. d) A W14×22 with Fy =36 ksi does not have slender elements. e) Flexural-torsional bulking does not need to be considered for a column with a C-shape section. f) Torsional buckling does not need to be considered for a column with a rectangular HSS section. g) In a non-sidesway frame, the effective length factor K for all columns shall be taken as 1.0. h) The minimum edge distance for a 1-in. dia. A307 bolt is 1¼ in. i) The minimum spacing between two adjacent 1-in. dia. bolts is 2 ¼ in. j) In a bolted connection, there is no need to check the bearing strength at each of the bolt holes if the bolt shear strength is adequate.

a) The Euler formula for steel columns deals with inelastic buckling. - FALSE

Reason - The Euler theory is based on the assumption that column material is initially perfectly elastic, homogenous and isotropic and obey's Hooke's law.

b)  One major reason for inelastic buckling of steel columns is residual stresses that develop in the
process of hot rolling. -  FALSE

Reason - The major reason behind inelastic buckling due to excess stress which is generated beyond the proportional limit

c)  Strengths of steel columns are independent of the slenderness ratios of columns.- FALSE

Reason - It increases the compressive strength of column as it decreases the tendency to buckle.

d) A W14×22 with Fy =36 ksi does not have slender elements.- FALSE

Reason - Slender elements depends upon length of column

e) Flexural-torsional buckling does not need to be considered for a column with a C-shape section -FALSE

Reason - Ii is common problem of C section since its shear center does not lie within the body.