States of Matter
The substance that constitutes everything in the universe is known as matter. Matter comprises atoms which in turn are composed of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Different atoms combine together to give rise to molecules that act as a foundation for all kinds of substances. There are five states of matter based on their energies of attraction, namely solid, liquid, gases, plasma, and BEC (Bose-Einstein condensates).
Chemical Reactions and Equations
When a chemical species is transformed into another chemical species it is said to have undergone a chemical reaction. It consists of breaking existing bonds and forming new bonds by changing the position of electrons. These reactions are best explained using a chemical equation.
- Dipole-dipole interaction:- This type of interaction involves the interaction between two dipolar (having two poles that is negatively charged end and positively charged end in the molecule or compound) compounds or molecules.
- And, dipole in the molecule or compound is generated due to the difference in the electronegativity of atoms which constitutes the molecule of compound.
- The atom which is more electronegative will acquire the partial negative charge on it and the atom which is less electronegative will acquire partial positive charge on it.
- Example:- HCl (Hydrochloric acid) molecules shows dipole-dipole interaction present between its molecules.
- London-dispersion interaction:- It is the weaker force of interaction than dipole-dipole interaction, which is present between the molecules which have dipoles induced temporarily.
- Temporary inducement of dipoles is due to the presence of electron cloud, formed by the loosely held outermost electrons (far from the nucleus and therefore more polarized) in the atom.
- Example:- Halogens (F2 and I2).
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