**Substitution Reactions: SN1 and SN2 Mechanisms**In this exercise, we explore appropriate reactants and solvents to achieve specific substitution reactions with given compounds. Each method will be identified as an SN1 or SN2 process based on the reaction conditions.### Reaction 1:- **Starting Material:** Alkyl bromide- **Reagent and Solvent:** NaCN in acetone- **Product:** Alkyl cyanide- **Mechanism Type:** SN2- **Notes:** The reaction proceeds via an SN2 mechanism, suitable for primary or secondary carbon centers due to less steric hindrance.### Reaction 2:- **Starting Material:** Alcohol- **Reagent:** HBr- **Product:** Alkyl bromide- **Mechanism Type:** SN1- **Notes:** This tertiary alcohol undergoes substitution via an SN1 mechanism due to carbocation stability.### Reaction 3:- **Starting Material:** Bromocyclopentane- **Reagent:** NH3 (Ammonia)- **Product:** Aminocyclopentane- **Mechanism Type:** SN2- **Notes:** Despite being cycloalkane, the steric environment allows for SN2 substitution in the presence of a strong nucleophile like NH3.### Reaction 4:- **Starting Material:** Cyclohexyl bromide- **Reagent and Solvent:** NaSH in DMSO- **Product:** Thiol derivative- **Mechanism Type:** SN1- **Notes:** The nature of the solvent and the bulkiness of the nucleophile contribute to a preference for an SN1 mechanism.**Handwritten Annotations:**- "SN2 cannot undergo tertiary": Emphasizes why SN2 isn't favored in certain reactions due to steric hindrance.- "SN2 can": Indicates conditions under which an SN2 reaction is favorable.- "

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3. For each of the following compounds provide appropriate reactants and solvent SN2 systems to synthesize them by a substitution reaction. Show which type of substitution: SN1 or SN2. cannar Br NH2 Br NaCN NH3 acetone CN can メズ Br OH HBr Super NASH Br DMSO SH Nay happing

3. For each of the following compounds provide appropriate reactants and solvent SN2 systems to synthesize them by a substitution reaction. Show which type of substitution: SN1 or SN2. cannar Br NH2 Br NaCN NH3 acetone CN can メズ Br OH HBr Super NASH Br DMSO SH Nay happing

Chemistry

10th Edition

ISBN:9781305957404

Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste

Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste

Chapter1: Chemical Foundations

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...

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Concept explainers

Diol

In chemistry there are so many chemical compounds that have a hydroxyl group but a chemical compound having two hydroxyl groups (-OH) is termed as a diol. It also implies the presence of two alcohols whereas polyols contain two or more than two hydroxyl groups (-OH). Glycol or 1,2-diol is an aliphatic diol that has two alcohol groups on adjacent carbon atoms. In industries, the most commonly used diol is ethylene glycol.

Question

**Substitution Reactions: S<sub>N1</sub> and S<sub>N2</sub> Mechanisms**

In this exercise, we explore appropriate reactants and solvents to achieve specific substitution reactions with given compounds. Each method will be identified as an S<sub>N1</sub> or S<sub>N2</sub> process based on the reaction conditions.

### Reaction 1:
- **Starting Material:** Alkyl bromide
- **Reagent and Solvent:** NaCN in acetone
- **Product:** Alkyl cyanide
- **Mechanism Type:** S<sub>N2</sub>
- **Notes:** The reaction proceeds via an S<sub>N2</sub> mechanism, suitable for primary or secondary carbon centers due to less steric hindrance.

### Reaction 2:
- **Starting Material:** Alcohol
- **Reagent:** HBr
- **Product:** Alkyl bromide
- **Mechanism Type:** S<sub>N1</sub>
- **Notes:** This tertiary alcohol undergoes substitution via an S<sub>N1</sub> mechanism due to carbocation stability.

### Reaction 3:
- **Starting Material:** Bromocyclopentane
- **Reagent:** NH<sub>3</sub> (Ammonia)
- **Product:** Aminocyclopentane
- **Mechanism Type:** S<sub>N2</sub>
- **Notes:** Despite being cycloalkane, the steric environment allows for S<sub>N2</sub> substitution in the presence of a strong nucleophile like NH<sub>3</sub>.

### Reaction 4:
- **Starting Material:** Cyclohexyl bromide
- **Reagent and Solvent:** NaSH in DMSO
- **Product:** Thiol derivative
- **Mechanism Type:** S<sub>N1</sub>
- **Notes:** The nature of the solvent and the bulkiness of the nucleophile contribute to a preference for an S<sub>N1</sub> mechanism.

**Handwritten Annotations:**

- "S<sub>N2</sub> cannot undergo tertiary": Emphasizes why S<sub>N2</sub> isn't favored in certain reactions due to steric hindrance.
- "S<sub>N2</sub> can": Indicates conditions under which an S<sub>N2</sub> reaction is favorable.
- "

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