Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
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Question
Which of the following electrons indicated with an asterisk will be the lowest in energy?
Transcribed Image Text:The image shows electron configurations for different elements and ions, represented by their respective atomic orbitals and electron spins.
### Diagrams:
- **Diagram A**:
- **1s orbital** with a single upward arrow.
- Represents **Hydrogen (H)**.
- **Diagram B**:
- **1s orbital** with one upward and one downward arrow.
- Represents **Helium (He)**.
- **Diagram C**:
- **1s orbital** with one upward and one downward arrow.
- Represents **Lithium ion (Li⁺)**, suggesting it loses one electron compared to a neutral lithium atom.
- **Diagram D**:
- **1s orbital** with one upward and one downward arrow.
- **2s orbital** with a single upward arrow.
- Represents **Lithium (Li)** in its neutral state.
### Explanation:
Each diagram illustrates the electron configuration for a specific atom or ion. The arrows represent electrons, with their orientation indicating the electron spins. The orbitals are labeled (e.g., 1s, 2s) to indicate their energy levels and type.
- **Hydrogen** has one electron in the 1s orbital.
- **Helium** has two electrons in the 1s orbital, fully occupying it.
- **Lithium ion (Li⁺)** resembles helium in configuration due to loss of one electron.
- **Neutral Lithium (Li)** has two electrons in the 1s orbital and one in the 2s orbital.
This illustrates basic electron configuration principles and electron spin pairing in atomic and ionic states.
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