1 Introduction To Chemistry 2 Atoms And Molecules 3 Molecules, Moles, And Chemical Equations 4 Stoichiometry 5 Gases 6 The Periodic Table And Atomic Structure 7 Chemical Bonding And Molecular Structure 8 Molecules And Materials 9 Energy And Chemistry 10 Entropy And The Second Law Of Thermodynamics 11 Chemical Kinetics 12 Chemical Equilibrium 13 Electrochemistry 14 Nuclear Chemistry Chapter3: Molecules, Moles, And Chemical Equations
Chapter Questions Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1CO: • describe the chemical processes used in biomass production and conversion to biofuels. Problem 2CO Problem 3CO: list at least three quantities that must be conserved in chemical reactions. Problem 4CO: Write balanced chemical equations for simple reactions, given either an unbalanced equation or a... Problem 5CO Problem 6CO Problem 7CO: Interconvert between mass, number of molecules, and number of moles. Problem 8CO: Determine a chemical formula from elemental analysis (i.e., from % composition). Problem 9CO: define the concentration of a solution and calculate the molarity of solutions from appropriate... Problem 10CO: Calculate the molarity of solutions prepared by dilution or calculate the quantities needed to carry... Problem 11CO Problem 12CO Problem 13CO Problem 14CO: write molecular and ionic equations for acidbase neutralization reactions. Problem 3.1PAE Problem 3.2PAE Problem 3.3PAE Problem 3.4PAE: A newspaper article states that biomass has actually been used as an energy source throughout human... Problem 3.5PAE Problem 3.6PAE Problem 3.7PAE: Which symbols are used to indicate solids, liquids, gases, and aqueous solutions in chemical... Problem 3.8PAE: How is the addition of heat symbolized in a chemical equation? The addition of light energy? Problem 3.9PAE Problem 3.10PAE: 3.10 Define the term stoichiometric coefficient. Problem 3.11PAE: 3.11 Balance these equations. (a) Al(s) + O2(g)( Al2O3(s) (b) N2(g) + H2(g) (NH3(g) (c) C6H6(l) +... Problem 3.12PAE: 3.11 Balance the following equations. (a) CaC2(s) + H2O(l)( Ca(OH)2(s) + C2H2(g) (b) (NH4)2CrO7(s) (... Problem 3.13PAE: 3.13 An explosive whose chemical formula is C3H6N6O6 produces water, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen... Problem 3.14PAE: 3.14 A number of compounds are used in cement, and reactions among them occur when water is added.... Problem 3.15PAE: 3.15 Ethanol, C2H5OH is found in gasoline blends used in many parts of North America. Write a... Problem 3.16PAE: 3.16 Balance the following equations. (a) reaction to produce "super-phosphate" fertilizer:... Problem 3.17PAE: 3.17 Write balanced chemical equations for the following reactions. (a) production of ammonia,... Problem 3.18PAE: 3.18 Diborane and related compounds were proposed as rocket fuels in the 1950s. A representative... Problem 3.19PAE: 3.19 Silicon nitride, Si3N4, is used as a reinforcing fiber in con- struction materials. It can be... Problem 3.21PAE Problem 3.20PAE Problem 3.23PAE Problem 3.22PAE Problem 3.24PAE: 3.24 Classify the following compounds as electrolytes or non- electrolytes. (a) potassium chloride,... Problem 3.25PAE: 3.25 The following compounds are water-soluble. What ions are produced by each compound in aqueous... Problem 3.26PAE: 3.26 Decide whether each of the following is water-soluble. If soluble, tell what ions are produced.... Problem 3.27PAE Problem 3.28PAE: 3.28 A packaging engineer is working on a new design for cold packs. A burst chamber in the pack... Problem 3.29PAE: 3.29 Classify each of these as an acid or a base. Which are strong and which are weak? What ions are... Problem 3.30PAE: 3.30 Define the term spectator ion. Problem 3.31PAE: 3.31 What is the difference between a total ionic equation and a net ionic equation? Problem 3.32PAE: 3.32 Balance the following equations and then write the net ionic equation. (a)(NH4)2CO3 (aq)+... Problem 3.33PAE: 3.33 Balance the following equations, and then write the net ionic equation. (a) Zn(s) + HC1(aq) (... Problem 3.34PAE: 3.34 In principle, it may be possible to engineer the trap- ping of carbon dioxide by a... Problem 3.35PAE: 3.35 Explain the concept of the mole in your own words. Problem 3.36PAE: 3.36 How many entities are present in each of the following? (a) 3.21 mol argon atoms. (b) 1.3 ×... Problem 3.37PAE: 3.37 If atypical grain of sand occupies a volume of 1.3 × 10-4 cm3, what is the volume (in cm3) of 1... Problem 3.38PAE: 3.38 Estimate the size of a particle 1 mole of which would fill your bedroom or dorm room. Problem 3.39PAE: 3.39 Calculate the molar mass of each of the following com- pounds. (a) Fe2O3, iron(III) oxide, (b)... Problem 3.40PAE: 3.40 Calculate the molar masses (in grams per mole) of each of the following. (a) cane... Problem 3.41PAE: 3.41 Calculate the molar mass of each of these compounds and the mass percentage of each element.... Problem 3.42PAE Problem 3.43PAE: 3.43 Calculate the molar mass of the following compounds. (a) magnesium phosphate, (b) sodium... Problem 3.44PAE: 3.44 Determine the molar mass of these ceramic materials. (a) HfN, (b) ThO2, (c) BaTiO3 Problem 3.45PAE: A chemist needs exactly 2 moles of KNO3 to make a solution. What mass of solid KNO3 must be used? Problem 3.46PAE: 3.46 What mass of ozone (O3) contains 4.5 moles of the substance? Problem 3.47PAE: 3.47 Calculate the mass in grams of each the following. (a) 2.5 mol of aluminum, (b) 1.25 × 10—3 mol... Problem 3.48PAE: 3.48 Calculate the mass in grams of 13.5 mol of (a) vinyl chlo- ride, C2H3Cl, the starting material... Problem 3.49PAE: 3.49 How many moles are present in the given quantities of ex- plosives? (a) 358.1 g trinitrotoluene... Problem 3.50PAE: 3.50 A test of an automobile engine's exhaust revealed that g of NO2 was emitted in 10 minutes of... Problem 3.51PAE: 3.51 Modern instruments can measure a mass as small as 5 nano- grams. If one observed 5.0 ng of CO2,... Problem 3.52PAE: 3.52 How many H atoms are present in 7.52 g of propane, C3H8? Problem 3.53PAE: 3.53 How many O atoms are present in 214 g of mannose (C6H12O6)? Problem 3.54PAE: A sample of H2C2O4.2H2O of mass 3.35 g is heated to drive off the waters of hydration (designated... Problem 3.55PAE: 3.55 An average person inhales roughly 2.5 g of O2 in a minute. How many molecules of oxygen are... Problem 3.56PAE: 3.56 A large family of boron-hydrogen compounds has the general formula BxHy. One member of this... Problem 3.57PAE Problem 3.58PAE: 3.58 Determine the simplest formulas of the following compounds. (a) the food enhancer monosodium... Problem 3.59PAE: 3.59 The composition of materials such as alloys can be described in terms of mole percentage... Problem 3.60PAE: 3.60 Copper can have improved wear resistance if alloyed with ceramic alumina, A12O3. If a copper... Problem 3.61PAE: 3.61 Calculate the molarity of each of the following solutions. (a) 1.45 mol HCl in 250. mL of... Problem 3.62PAE: 3.62 What is the molarity of each ion present in aqueous solutions prepared by dissolving 20.00 g of... Problem 3.63PAE: 3.63 How many moles of solute are present in each of these solutions? (a) 48.0 mL of 3.4 M H2SO4.... Problem 3.64PAE: 3.64 How many grams of solute are present in each of these solutions? (a) 37.2 mL ofO.471 M HBr (b)... Problem 3.65PAE: 3.65 Determine the final molarity for the following dilutions. (a) 24.5 mL of 3.0 M solution diluted... Problem 3.66PAE Problem 3.67PAE Problem 3.68PAE: 3.68 Magnesium is lighter than other structural metals, so it is increasingly important in the... Problem 3.69PAE Problem 3.70PAE Problem 3.71PAE: 3.71 What is meant by the term carbon reservoir? What are the two largest carbon reservoirs for our... Problem 3.72PAE Problem 3.73PAE Problem 3.74PAE Problem 3.75PAE: 3.75 The following pictures show a molecular-scale view of a chemical reaction between the compounds... Problem 3.76PAE Problem 3.77PAE: 3.77 Answer each of the following questions. Note that none of them should require difficult... Problem 3.78PAE: 3.78 Consider two samples of liquid: I mole of water (H2O) and 1 mole of ethanol. Answer each of the... Problem 3.79PAE: 3.79 Consider two samples. Sample A contains 2 moles of N2 and 1 mole of O2, and Sample B contains 1... Problem 3.80PAE: 3.80 Which one of the following metal samples cannot possibly exist? not? (a) a piece of gold foil... Problem 3.81PAE: 3.81 The particulate scale drawing shown depicts the products of a reaction between H2 and O2... Problem 3.82PAE: 3.82 The particulate scale drawing shown depicts the products of a reaction between N2 and O2... Problem 3.83PAE: 3.83 For the reaction of nitrogen, N2, and hydrogen, H2, to form ammonia, NH3, a student is... Problem 3.84PAE: 3.84 The picture shown depicts the species present at the start of a combustion reaction between... Problem 3.85PAE: 3.85 The particulate drawing shown represents an aqueous so- lution of an acid HA, where A might... Problem 3.86PAE: 3.86 When a solution is diluted, solvent is added but solute is not. Explain how this idea leads to... Problem 3.87PAE: 3.87 Nitric acid (HNO3) can be produced by the reaction of ni- trogen dioxide (NO2) and water.... Problem 3.88PAE: 3.88 One Step in the enrichment of uranium for use in nuclear power plants involves the reaction of... Problem 3.89PAE: 3.89 Pyridine has the molecular formula C5H5N. When pyri- dine reacts with O2, the products are CO2,... Problem 3.90PAE: 3.90 Pyrrole has the molecular formula C4H5N. When pyrrole reacts with O2, the products are CO2,... Problem 3.91PAE: 3.91 Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is extremely toxic, but it is used in the production of several... Problem 3.92PAE: 3.92 Many chemical reactions take place in the catalytic con- verter of a car. In one of these... Problem 3.93PAE: 3.93 Adipic acid is used in the production of nylon, so it is manufactured in large quantities. The... Problem 3.94PAE: 3.94 Calcium carbonate (limestone, CaCO3) dissolves in hydrochloric acid, producing water and carbon... Problem 3.95PAE: 3.95 Cumene is a hydrocarbon, meaning that it contains only carbon and hydrogen. If this compound is... Problem 3.96PAE: 3.96 Methyl cyanoacrylate is the chemical name for the substance sold as Super Glue, and it has the... Problem 3.97PAE: 3.97 A low-grade form of iron ore is called taconite, and the iron in the ore is in the form Fe3O4.... Problem 3.98PAE: 3.98 The characteristic odor of decaying flesh is due to the presence of various nitrogen-containing... Problem 3.99PAE: 3.99 Iron—platinum alloys may be useful as high-density recording materials because of their... Problem 3.100PAE: 3.100 Some aluminum—lithium alloys display the property of superplasticity, meaning they can undergo... Problem 3.101PAE: 3.101 Which (if any) of the following compounds are electrolytes? (a) glucose, C6H12O6, (b) ethanol,... Problem 3.102PAE: 3.102 Classify the following compounds as acids or bases, weak or strong. (a) perchloric acid, (b)... Problem 3.103PAE: 3.103 What is the mass in grams of solute in 250.0 mL of a 0.0125 M solution of KMnO4? Problem 3.104PAE: 3.104 What volume of 0.123 M NaOH in milliliters contains 25.0 g NaOH? Problem 3.105PAE: 3.105 Nitric acid is often sold and transported as a concentrated 16 M aqueous solution. How many... Problem 3.106PAE: 3.106 Twenty-five mL of a 0.388 M solution of Na2SO4 is mixed with 35.3 mL of 0.229 M Na2SO4. What... Problem 3.107PAE: 3.107 As computer processor speeds increase, it is necessary for engineers to increase the number of... Problem 3.108PAE: 3.108 As chip speeds increase, the width of the interconnects described in Problem 3.107 must be... Problem 3.109PAE: 3.109 Materials engineers often create new alloys in an effort to improve the properties of an... Problem 3.110PAE: 3.110 The protein that carries oxygen in the blood is called hemoglobin. It is 0.335% Fe by mass.... Problem 3.111PAE: 3.111 The chlorophyll molecule responsible for photosynthesis in plants contains 2.72% Mg by mass.... Problem 3.112PAE: 3.112 In one experiment, the burning of 0.614 g of sulfur produced 1.246 g of sulfur dioxide as its... Problem 3.113PAE: 3.113 MgCl2 is often found as an impurity in table salt (NaCl). If a 0.05200-g sample of table salt... Problem 3.114PAE Problem 3.115PAE: 3.115 The average person exhales 1.0 kg of carbon dioxide in a day. Describe how you would estimate... Problem 3.116PAE: 3.116 The simplest approximate chemical formula for the human body could be written as... Problem 3.117PAE: 3.117 For the oxides of iron, FeO, Fe2O3, and Fe3O4, describe how you would determine which has the... Problem 3.118PAE: 3.118 Consider common sugars such as glucose (C6H12O6) and sucrose (C12H22O11). What type of... Problem 3.119PAE Problem 3.120PAE: 3.120 1f you have 32.6 g of sodium carbonate that is dissolved to give 2.10 L of solution, what is... Problem 3.121PAE: 3.121 If you have 21.1 g of iron(II) nitrate that is dissolved to give 1.54 L of solution, what is... Problem 3.122PAE: 3.122 What type of reasoning were we using when we developed the equation for dilution, MiVi=MfVf ? Problem 3.123PAE: 3.123 Most periodic tables provide molar masses with four or five significant figures for the... Problem 3.14PAE: 3.14 A number of compounds are used in cement, and reactions among them occur when water is added....
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2Al(s)+3CuCl2(aq)→3Cu(s)+2AlCl3(aq)
A piece of aluminum metal is placed in an aqueous solution of CuCl2, resulting in the formation of copper metal and aqueous aluminum chloride, as represented in the equation. Identify TWO new species produced by the chemical reaction that occurs.
Definition Definition Transformation of a chemical species into another chemical species. A chemical reaction consists of breaking existing bonds and forming new ones by changing the position of electrons. These reactions are best explained using a chemical equation.
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