233. A reinforced concrete column 250 mm in diameter is de- signea to carry an axial compressive load of 400 kN. Using allowable 6 MPa and o, - 120 MPa, determine the required area 14 GPa and E, 200 GPa. 1320 mm? stresses of o. of reinforcing stoel. Assume that E Ans. A, %3D

Q: Describe phase two contracts in design work?

A: The phase two contracts are used typically when there is an opportunity for the owner to start the…

Q: What are the contract modifications?

A: Contract is the agreement between two persons or two parties. one party will be a buyer or one buyer…

Q: Is the Resident Project Representative responsible for ordering supplies and equipment?

A: The Resident Project Representative (RPR) person should work on full time basis whereas the engineer…

Q: In addition to Architects, which other Project Participants are likely to directly contribute to the…

A: The first stage towards that successful work is to design it. A project design is a method of…

Q: Does the error/omission lead to increased construction contractor costs?

A: An error or omission happens in the project when something lacked in finishing the building or…

Q: Why should the  Resident Project Representative maintain a drawing log and also a shop drawing file…

A: Resident Project Representative is a person working on a project, typically on a full-time basis, to…

Q: Define Methods and procedures for providing tiebacks.

A: Tiebacks: A tieback is a structural element set in to rock or soil to transfer applied tensile load…

Q: What is conditional waiver?

A: The lien waiver is a legal document that is executed when a person wants to give up their right to…

Q: Give the list of possible tasks that might be offered to the resident project representative during…

A: The Resident Project Representative is a person assigned to a particular project on a full-time…

Q: What are payroll reports?

A: The payroll reports are the documents in which calculation is conducted about overtime worked, pay…

Q: what is the document that identifies the documents and the specific preconstruction services that…

A: The textual agreements that specify the positions, obligations, and "Task" under the building…

Q: Describe the “five-step project initiation process”?

A: The five-step project initiation process is as follows: Establishing the project initiation team…

Q: What are the requirements of the specifications that call for certificates of compliance?

A: The  certificate which gives the information that the company or organization has met certain sets…

Q: What are the qualified products lists?

A: Qualified product list:

Q: What kind of information is documented by the Resident project Representative at the job…

A: The  person  appointed on site as the representative for looking all the affairs of site is known as…

Q: Write some of the items that are recommended by the Associated General Contractors for discussion?

A: Some of the items that are recommended by the Associated General Contractors for discussion are :…

Q: Is the approval of shop drawings risky?

A: Shop drawings are the set of drawings produced by the contractor, supplier, manufacturer,…

Q: 10 kN · m 20 kN/m |30 kN 3 m 1m

A: Given : Simply supported beam with UDL, point load and a moment acting Using differential methods,…

Estimating construction costs

The determination of the cost of various items that would be required to carry out a construction project successfully is termed the estimation of construction costs. For preparing an estimate, the quantities of the materials are calculated from the construction drawings or blueprint design using formulas, and using these quantities, the construction cost estimating is done. The estimation process can be manual or it can be computed using construction estimating softwares such as RSmeans, STACK, and ProEst.