(2.16) Table 2.12 comes from one of the first studies of the link between lung cancer and smoking, by Richard Doll and A. Bradford Hill. In 20 hospitals in London, UK, patients admitted with lung cancer in the previous year were queried about their smoking behavior. For each patient admitted, researchers studied the smoking behavior of a noncancer control patient at the same hospital of the same sex and within the same 5-year grouping on age. A smoker was defined as a person who had smoked at least one cigarette a day for at least a year.**Table 2.12. Data for Problem 2.16**| Have Smoked | Cases | Controls ||-------------|-------|----------|| Yes | 688 | 650 || No | 21 | 59 || Total | 709 | 709 |*Based on data reported in Table IV, R. Doll and A. B. Hill, Br. Med. J., 739–748, September 30, 1950.*### Questions:a) Identify the response variable and the explanatory variable.**Answer:** - The response variable is whether or not the patient has lung cancer (cases or controls). - The explanatory variable is whether or not the patient has smoked.b) Identify the type of study this was.**Answer:** - This was an observational study, particularly a case-control study.c) Can you use these data to compare smokers with nonsmokers in terms of the proportion who suffered lung cancer? Why or why not?**Answer:** - Yes, you can use these data to compare smokers with nonsmokers in terms of the proportion who suffered lung cancer. This comparison helps to understand the association between smoking and lung cancer by evaluating the prevalence of smoking among the cases (lung cancer patients) versus the controls (non-cancer patients).d) Summarize the association and explain how to interpret it. ((2.18) Table 2.13 shows data from the 2002 General Social Survey cross classifying a person’s perceived happiness with their family income. The table displays the observed and expected cell counts and the standardized residuals for testing independence.**Answer:** - The data in Table 2.12 indicate a higher proportion of smokers among the lung cancer cases (688 out of 709) compared to controls (650 out of

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Answered: (2.16) Table 2.12 comes from one of the…

MATLAB: An Introduction with Applications

6th Edition

ISBN:9781119256830

Author:Amos Gilat

Publisher:Amos Gilat

Chapter1: Starting With Matlab

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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