2. There are two methods to convert an alkyl halide into a carboxylic acid containing one additional carbon atom: R-X R-X NaCN CH3CI Mg R-CN Br R-MgX H3O+ 1) CO₂ 2) H3O+ Depending on the structure of the alkyl halide, one or both of these methods may be used. For each alkyl halide shown, write out a stepwise mechanism that converts it to a carboxylic acid. If both methods work, draw both routes. If one method cannot be used, state why it cannot. (CH3)3CCI R OH HO R OH Br
Reactions of Ethers
Ethers (R-O-R’) are compounds formed by replacing hydrogen atoms of an alcohol (R-OH compound) or a phenol (C6H5OH) by an aryl/ acyl group (functional group after removing single hydrogen from an aromatic ring). In this section, reaction, preparation and behavior of ethers are discussed in the context of organic chemistry.
Epoxides
Epoxides are a special class of cyclic ethers which are an important functional group in organic chemistry and generate reactive centers due to their unusual high reactivity. Due to their high reactivity, epoxides are considered to be toxic and mutagenic.
Williamson Ether Synthesis
An organic reaction in which an organohalide and a deprotonated alcohol forms ether is known as Williamson ether synthesis. Alexander Williamson developed the Williamson ether synthesis in 1850. The formation of ether in this synthesis is an SN2 reaction.
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