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- Researchers investigate how the presence of cell phones influence the quality of human interaction. Subjects are randomly selected from a population and divided into an experimental group that is asked to leave their phones in the front of the room and a control group that are not asked to leave their cell phones at the front of the room. Subjects are left alone for 10 minutes and then asked to take a survey designed to measure quality of interactions they had with others in the experiment. What statistical test is appropriate?These 2 questions go hand to handThere is a strong correlation between the number of students graduating from SVS and the population of squirrels in York Region. The most likely type of causal relationship is:A.cause and effect B.accidental C.presumed D.reverse cause and effect
- . A researcher suspects that the actual prevalence of generalized anxiety among children and adolescents is higher than the previously reported prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder among children and adolescents. The previously reported prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder among children and adolescents is 4.1%, and the researcher conducts a study to test the accuracy of the previously reported prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder by recruiting 98 children and adolescents from various pediatricians’ offices and tests them for generalized anxiety disorder using the DSM-5. The researcher determines that the prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder among the participants of the study is 6.8%. The researcher’s hypothesis, for a level of significance of 5%, should resemble which of the following sets of hypothesis? A) H0: p > .041; H1: p = .041; alpha= .05 B) H0: p > .041; H1: p = .041; alpha= .95 C) H0: p = .041; H1: p > .041; alpha= .05 D) H0: p = .041; H1: p…Read the journal excerpt below:Exposure to light at night suppresses the physiologic production of melatonin, a hormone that has antiproliferative effects on intestinal cancers. Although observational studies have associated night-shift work with an increased risk of breast cancer, the effect of night-shift work on the risk of other cancers is not known. We examined the relationship between working rotating night shifts and the risk of colorectal cancers among female participants in the Nurses’ Health Study. We documented 602 incident cases of colorectal cancer among 78 586 women who were followed up from 1988 through 1998. Compared with women who never worked rotating night shifts, women who worked 15 years or more on rotating night shifts were 1.35 times more likely to develop colorectal cancer (95% CI = 1.03 to 1.77), adjusting for confounders. These data suggest that working a rotating night shift at least three nights per month for 15 or more years may increase the risk of…Section 6.3: Hypothesis Test of Differences in Proportions Example 4. Autism and Maternal Antidepressant Use A recent study41 compared 298 children with Autism Spectrum Disorder to 1507 randomly selected control children without the disorder. Of the children with autism, 20 of the mothers had used antidepressant drugs during the year before pregnancy or the first trimester of pregnancy. Of the control children, 50 of the mothers had used the drugs. (a) Is there a significant association between prenatal exposure to antidepressant medicine and the risk of autism? Test whether the results are significant at the 5% level. (b) Can we conclude that prenatal exposure to antidepressant medicine increases the risk of autism in the child? Why or why not?
- A study prospectively examined whether sleep-disordered breathing was associated with an increased risk of death from any cause in a cohort of 600 adults participating in the Sleep Heart Health Study. Study participants were classified into four groups depending on the extent of their sleep-disordered breathing (none, mild, moderate, or severe). The counts of deaths over the course of the study are reported for each group in the following two-way table. Death No Death Total None 40 100 140 Mild 40 100 140 Moderate 20 100 120 Severe 100 100 200 Total 200 400 600 We want to know whether the study findings give evidence of a significant difference of the number of deaths between the different groups. The observed test statistic is 3.610 42.857 5.476 8.075A study was conducted in Thailand to study the association between Vitamin A deficiency and death among children with measles. A summary of their data is provided below. Which of the following statements is true? Died Did not die Have Vitamin deficiency 20 20 Do not have vitamin deficiency 25 100 Those without vitamin D deficiency are more likely to die than those with Vitamin D deficiency There is no association between Vitamin D deficiency and death Those with Vitamin D deficiency are more likely to die than those without Vitamin D deficiency None of these answers are co2. [modified from page 76 #3] Coughlin et al. examined the breast and cervical screening practices of Hispanic and non-Hispanic women in counties that approximate the U.S. southern border region. The study used data from the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System surveys of adults age 18 years or older conducted in 1999 and 2000. The table below reports the number of observations of Hispanic and non-Hispanic women who had received a mammogram in the past 2 years cross-classified with marital status. Marital Status Currently Married Divorced or Separated Widowed Never Married or Living As an Unmarried Couple Total Hispanic 319 130 88 41 578 Non-Hispanic 738 329 402 95 1564 Total 1057 459 490 136 2142 a) We select at random a subject who had a mammogram. What is the probability that she is widowed? b) We select at random a subject who had a mammogram and learn that she is Hispanic. With that information, what is the probability that she is married? e) Def two vents in this space that…
- A team of epidemiologists at the Mayo Clinic wanted to find whether there is an association between obesity and cardiovascular disease (CVD). They conducted a prospective cohort study following obese and non-obese individuals who were free of CVD at the beginning of study for five years. The investigators were also interested in assessing age as a potential confounder, effect modifier, or both. Use the data below to answer the accompanying questions. CVD No CVD Total Obese 10 90 100 Not Obese 35 465 500 Total 45 555 600 CVD No CVD Total Obese 36 164 200 Not Obese 25 175 200 Total 61 339 400 1. Compute the appropriate measure of association for those who were less than age 50. 2. Compute the appropriate measure of association for those who were older or equal to age 50. 3. Compute the crude measure of association? 4. List three attributes that age must satisfy before it could…▾ Part 1 of 4 A pharmaceutical company claims their new diabetes medication results in less variance in a patient's glucose level than if the patient were on no medication at all. An endocrinologist wishes to test this claim. She divides participants randomly into two groups. Group A consists of 20 diabetics who received the medication; group B consists of 26 diabetics who received a placebo. After two weeks, the blood sugar level of each patient in each group was measured with the following results (in mg/dL): Group A: 77.8, 229.4, 199.9, 110.1, 180.2, 116.1, 139.7, 171.1, 37.4, 158.1, 88.4, 195.5, 246.1, 142.4, 178.1, 105.5, 179.6, 146.1, 78.8, 123.7 Group B: 124.5, 130.1, 136, 162.8, 113.4, 72.8, 142.6, 50.3, 179.8, 197, 230, 194.3, 171, 109.3, 114.4, 107.5, 114.7, 195.3, 127.7, 126.4, 85.6, 166.7, 182.3, 113.5, 216.7, 162.8 Perform a hypothesis test using a 6% level of significance to test the pharmaceutical company's claim. Step 1: State the null and alternative hypotheses. Ho:…A health officer thinks that there is an association between diabetes (DM) and hypertension (HPT). He believes that those with DM are more likely to have HPT as well. For his research, from the hospital records, he selected a random sample of 400 patients, 300 with DM and 100 without DM. Out of the 300 DM patients, 60 had HPT as well and out of the 100 non DM patients 10 had HPT. He also recorded the patients’ gender. With the data, he performed two analyses, one for all policyholders and the other by gender. The following are some of the output from SPSS. Must the manager consider gender as well in this case? If yes, stating the evidence, explain why. If you are the health officer, how would the results above help you in making decision? What other variables, if any, should be considered as well?