2. Consider a Markov chain {Xn}n≥o having the following transition diagram:1/21251/4341/21/4671/2For this chain, there are two recurrent classes R₁ = {6,7} and R₂ = {1,2,5}, andone transient class R3 = {3,4}.(a) Find the period of state 3.(b) Find f33 and f22.(c) Starting at state 3, find the probability that the chain is absorbed into R₁.(d) Starting at state 3, find the mean absorbation time, i.e., the expected numberof steps that the chain is absorbed into R₁ or R₂.Note: there are missing transition probabilities for this chain, but no impact foryour solution.

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Answered: 2. Consider a Markov chain {Xn}nzo…

MATLAB: An Introduction with Applications

6th Edition

ISBN:9781119256830

Author:Amos Gilat

Publisher:Amos Gilat

Chapter1: Starting With Matlab

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1P

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A Markov chain {s} with state space n={1, 2, 3} has a sequence of realizations and process transitions as follows: Transition (1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (2,1) (2,2) (2,3) (3.1) (3,2) (3,3) t S: S+1 2 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 3 3 3 4 3 1. 2 3 1. 2 1 7 2 2 1. 8 2 2 1 9 2 3 1. 10 3 11 1 1 12 1 1. 13 1 1. 14 1. 1. 15 3 1. 1. 16 1. Number of frequencies : 1 3. 2 2 1 1 1 1 a. determine the transition frequency matrix O= 2 12 93 021 022 °23 %3D 31 °32 °33) 1 P1 P12 P13 b. determine the estimated transition probability matrixP= 2 P21 P22 P23 3 P31 P32 P33)
• General notation for Markov chains: P(A) is the probability of the event A when the Markov chain starts in state x, Pμ(A) the probability when the initial state is random with distribution μ. Ty = min{n ≥ 1: X₂ = y} is the first time after 0 that the chain visits state y. Px,y = Px(Ty < ∞) . Ny is the number of visits to state y after time 0. 4. Let Sn, n20 be a random walk on Z with step distribution 1-p 2 P 1) = 1/², P(X₁ = 1) = 2/₁ 2' 2' P(X₂ = 0) P(X₂ = − 1) = for some 0 < p < 1, p ‡ / . We may denote q=1 - p. That is, the increments (X₂)₁ are i.i.d. and S₂ = X₁ + … + Xn for n ≥ 1 and S = 0. Compute E[S2+1 Sn] for n ≥ 1. (b) Show that Mn = (q/p) Sn defines a martingale (with respect to (Xk)k-1). (c) Does the limit limn→∞ Mn exist almost surely? If yes, give a justification. If your answer is no, explain why. (d) Let T be the first time that S is equal to either −3 or 3. Compute P(ST = 3). Hint: You may use, without proof, the fact P(T<∞) = 1 and that the Optional Stopping Theorem…
The sequence (Xn)n>o is a Markov chain with transition matrix 0 을 0 0 0 3 1 0 0 0 4 4 0 } 0 0 0 1 2 1 1 0 0 3 3 0 } 0 } 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 (a) Draw the transition diagram for (Xn). (b) Determine the communicating classes of the chain, stating whether each class is recurrent or transient. (c) Determine the period of each communicating class.
a)
Recall that the graph of a discrete-time, finite-state, homogeneous Markov chain on two states 1, 2 with transition matrix is CO (: :) 1 T = If instead a new Markov chain on three states {1, 2, 3} has transition matrix 10 1 0 (a) Draw the corresponding graph for this new Markov chain. (b) Is the Markov chain with transition matrix T irreducible?
Let (X0, X1, X2, . . .) be the discrete-time, homogeneous Markov chain on state space S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} with X0 = 1 and transition matrix
E5.2. Consider a Markov chain with state space S = {1,2,3, 4, 5, 6} and transition matrix 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 P = 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 (a) Draw the transition graph of this chain. (b) Show that state 1 is absorbing and conclude that it is positive re- current. (c) Show that states 2 and 3 are transient. (d) Verify that states 4, 5 and 6 are positive recurrent.
C)
1.14 Let Xn be a Markov chain on state space {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} with transition matrix 1 2 = 3 P = 1 2 3 4 5 0 0 1/5 4/5 0 2/5 3/5 0 0 0 0 0 1/2 01/21/20 0 0 0 0 4 1 0 5 1/2 0 (a) Is this chain irreducible? Is it aperiodic? (b) Find the stationary probability vector.

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