### Problem 2: Benzene Derivative Synthesis**Objective:** Starting with benzene, outline a synthesis for each of the following compounds:- **Compound a:** - Structure: A benzene ring with two nitro groups (NO₂) attached at the 1,3-positions (meta position).- **Compound b:** - Structure: A benzene ring bonded to a phenyl group, forming biphenyl.- **Compound c:** - Structure: A benzene ring with three substituents—a chlorine atom (Cl) at position 1, a sulfonic acid group (SO₃H) at position 2, and a nitro group (NO₂) at position 4.- **Compound d:** - Structure: A secondary alcohol where the hydroxyl group (OH) is attached to a benzene ring substituted with a phenyl group.**Instructions:** Describe a feasible synthetic pathway starting from benzene for each derivative. ### Explanations:- **Meta-dinitrobenzene (Compound a):** 1. Initiate with nitration of benzene using concentrated nitric acid (HNO₃) and sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) to introduce one nitro group. 2. Perform a second nitration step under controlled conditions to achieve meta substitution.- **Biphenyl (Compound b):** 1. Use a coupling reaction such as the Suzuki or Ullmann reaction to join two benzene rings.- **2-Chloro-4-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid (Compound c):** 1. Start with sulfonation of benzene using fuming sulfuric acid to introduce an SO₃H group. 2. Chlorinate the resulting sulfonic acid with Cl₂ in the presence of a catalyst. 3. Nitrate the compound in concentrated HNO₃.- **(1-Phenylethyl)benzene (Compound d):** 1. Begin by performing a Friedel-Crafts alkylation of benzene with ethyl chloride (or another suitable ethyl source) using AlCl₃. 2. Follow with a subsequent reaction to introduce a phenyl group, forming the secondary alcohol structure. These transformations explore fundamental organic reactions such as electrophilic aromatic substitution, coupling, and Friedel-Crafts alkyl

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2) Starting with benzene, outline a synthesis for each of the following: Z=O 0.1 0=2 b 0=6=0 -OH

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ISBN:9781305957404

Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste

Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste

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Ethers (R-O-R’) are compounds formed by replacing hydrogen atoms of an alcohol (R-OH compound) or a phenol (C6H5OH) by an aryl/ acyl group (functional group after removing single hydrogen from an aromatic ring). In this section, reaction, preparation and behavior of ethers are discussed in the context of organic chemistry.

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An organic reaction in which an organohalide and a deprotonated alcohol forms ether is known as Williamson ether synthesis. Alexander Williamson developed the Williamson ether synthesis in 1850. The formation of ether in this synthesis is an SN2 reaction.

Question

### Problem 2: Benzene Derivative Synthesis

**Objective:** Starting with benzene, outline a synthesis for each of the following compounds:

- **Compound a:**
- Structure: A benzene ring with two nitro groups (NO₂) attached at the 1,3-positions (meta position).

- **Compound b:**
- Structure: A benzene ring bonded to a phenyl group, forming biphenyl.

- **Compound c:**
- Structure: A benzene ring with three substituents—a chlorine atom (Cl) at position 1, a sulfonic acid group (SO₃H) at position 2, and a nitro group (NO₂) at position 4.

- **Compound d:**
- Structure: A secondary alcohol where the hydroxyl group (OH) is attached to a benzene ring substituted with a phenyl group.

**Instructions:** Describe a feasible synthetic pathway starting from benzene for each derivative.

### Explanations:

- **Meta-dinitrobenzene (Compound a):**
1. Initiate with nitration of benzene using concentrated nitric acid (HNO₃) and sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) to introduce one nitro group.
2. Perform a second nitration step under controlled conditions to achieve meta substitution.

- **Biphenyl (Compound b):**
1. Use a coupling reaction such as the Suzuki or Ullmann reaction to join two benzene rings.

- **2-Chloro-4-nitrobenzenesulfonic acid (Compound c):**
1. Start with sulfonation of benzene using fuming sulfuric acid to introduce an SO₃H group.
2. Chlorinate the resulting sulfonic acid with Cl₂ in the presence of a catalyst.
3. Nitrate the compound in concentrated HNO₃.

- **(1-Phenylethyl)benzene (Compound d):**
1. Begin by performing a Friedel-Crafts alkylation of benzene with ethyl chloride (or another suitable ethyl source) using AlCl₃.
2. Follow with a subsequent reaction to introduce a phenyl group, forming the secondary alcohol structure.

These transformations explore fundamental organic reactions such as electrophilic aromatic substitution, coupling, and Friedel-Crafts alkyl

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