19. A horizontal angle was measured by repetition six ti with an engineer's transit. Prior to measurement, the hori zontal scale was set at 0 00 and the reading on the scal Ns 84 38 after the angle was measured once. reading was 147 42', sured is If the final the average value of the angle ea- a) 84 37' b) 84 38' c) 84 35' d) 84 39' e) 84 36' 20. Angle Omega was measured with a transit four times vith telescope direct starting with an initial after the first and eight measurements the readings on the horizontal scale were 89 56 and 359° 57', respectively, the average measured value of Omega is and four times with telescope reversed, backsight setting of 0° 05'. If a) 89 59 b) 90 00' c) 89 58' d) 90° 00'15" e) 89° 59 30"

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Methods to Determine Vertical Stress

The load applied to the soil is transferred to the underground. The presence of water at soil pores and solid grains above the soil are the primary components that are responsible for the effective load transfer. Due to the load acting, the internal component of the soil or the underground formations undergoes deformations or a tectonic shift. The amount of deformation depends upon the amount of load acting on the soil surface, which indeed, depends on the weight of everything present above the soil. Due to this, the underground soil element develops internal stresses which try to resist the tectonic changes.