18 The first ionization potential for O is lower than the first ionization potential for N because: O N has a p3 configuration (half filled degenerate orbitals) N is to the right of O on the periodic table N is below O on the periodic table ionization potentials decrease across a representative period Hund's rule is violated

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Electrolysis

Electrolysis is defined as the process of breaking down ionic compounds into their constituent elements by passing a direct electric current through the compound in a fluid state. The cathode reduces cations, while the anode oxidizes anions. An electrolyte, electrodes, and some form of external power source are the main components required for conducting electrolysis. A partition, such as an ion-exchange membrane or a salt bridge, may also be used, but this is optional. These are primarily used to prevent the products from diffusing near the opposing electrode.