16.4 EPIGENETICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL AGENTS 401 Promoter within Transposable element transposable Normal promoter element for Agouti gene Slightly mottled Yellow Mottled Heavily mottled Pseudo- Agouti gene agouti (b) Range in coat-color phenotypes in Ava mice due to eplgenetic changes (a) The Insertion of a transposable element to create the Ay allele 50- 100- Supplemented diet 90어 Normal diet 40- 80- 70- 30- 60- 50- 20- 40- 30어 10- 20- 10- 0- Yellow SlightlyMottled Heavily Pseudo- 0+ Yellow SlightlyMottled Heavily Pseudo- mottled mottled mottled mottled agouti mobe (c) Effect of diet on coat color (d) Level of DNA methylation of CpG Islands within the TE among mice with different coat colors FIGUR E 16 8 Dietury offerts on mat olor in mice (y) •designated 4 is cuused by the insertio mutution TE unstrum AWa offspring (% of total) % methylationof CpG islands within the transposable element FIGURE 16.8 Dietary effects on coat color in mice. (a) A mutation in the Agouti gene, designated A", is caused by the insertion of a TE upstream from the normal Agouti promoter. The TE promoter is very active and causes the overexpression of the Agouti gene. (b) Mice carrying the A" allele exhibit a range of phenotypes. The mice shown here are heterozygotes, A"a; they carry the mutant A" alele and a loss-of-function allele (a). (c) Effects of diet supple- mentation on coat color. White bars represent offspring from females given a normal diet, and black bars represent offspring from females given a supplemented diet. (d) DNA methylation patterns among mice with different coat colors. The samples to determine DNA methylation were obtained from cells in the tail. (a).(e),(d) Source: Data from R. A. Waterland and R. L. Jirtle (2003) Transposable Elements: Targets for Early Nutritional Effects on Epigenetic Gene Regulation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 23, 5293- 5300. (b) From: D.C. Dolinoy et al., "Maternal genistein alters coat color and protects Avy mouse offspring from obesity by modifying the fetal epigenome," Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr, 114(4): 567-572. Reproduced with permission Genes-Traits The mice shown in part (b) are genetically identical. Their differences in coat color are due to epigenetic modifications that occur during early stages of development.

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In the experiments described , explain the relationship
between coat color and DNA methylation. How is coat color
related to the diet of the mother?

16.4 EPIGENETICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL AGENTS
401
Promoter within
Transposable
element
transposable Normal promoter
element
for Agouti gene
Slightly
mottled
Yellow
Mottled
Heavily
mottled
Pseudo-
Agouti gene
agouti
(b) Range in coat-color phenotypes in Ava mice due to
eplgenetic changes
(a) The Insertion of a transposable element to create the Ay allele
50-
100-
Supplemented diet
90어
Normal diet
40-
80-
70-
30-
60-
50-
20-
40-
30어
10-
20-
10-
0-
Yellow SlightlyMottled Heavily Pseudo-
0+
Yellow SlightlyMottled Heavily Pseudo-
mottled
mottled
mottled
mottled agouti
mobe
(c) Effect of diet on coat color
(d) Level of DNA methylation of CpG Islands within the TE
among mice with different coat colors
FIGUR E 16 8 Dietury offerts on
mat olor in mice (y)
•designated 4 is cuused by the insertio
mutution
TE unstrum
AWa offspring (% of total)
% methylationof CpG islands
within the transposable element
Transcribed Image Text:16.4 EPIGENETICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL AGENTS 401 Promoter within Transposable element transposable Normal promoter element for Agouti gene Slightly mottled Yellow Mottled Heavily mottled Pseudo- Agouti gene agouti (b) Range in coat-color phenotypes in Ava mice due to eplgenetic changes (a) The Insertion of a transposable element to create the Ay allele 50- 100- Supplemented diet 90어 Normal diet 40- 80- 70- 30- 60- 50- 20- 40- 30어 10- 20- 10- 0- Yellow SlightlyMottled Heavily Pseudo- 0+ Yellow SlightlyMottled Heavily Pseudo- mottled mottled mottled mottled agouti mobe (c) Effect of diet on coat color (d) Level of DNA methylation of CpG Islands within the TE among mice with different coat colors FIGUR E 16 8 Dietury offerts on mat olor in mice (y) •designated 4 is cuused by the insertio mutution TE unstrum AWa offspring (% of total) % methylationof CpG islands within the transposable element
FIGURE 16.8 Dietary effects on coat color in mice. (a) A mutation in the Agouti gene, designated A", is caused by the insertion of a TE upstream
from the normal Agouti promoter. The TE promoter is very active and causes the overexpression of the Agouti gene. (b) Mice carrying the A" allele exhibit a
range of phenotypes. The mice shown here are heterozygotes, A"a; they carry the mutant A" alele and a loss-of-function allele (a). (c) Effects of diet supple-
mentation on coat color. White bars represent offspring from females given a normal diet, and black bars represent offspring from females given a supplemented
diet. (d) DNA methylation patterns among mice with different coat colors. The samples to determine DNA methylation were obtained from cells in the tail.
(a).(e),(d) Source: Data from R. A. Waterland and R. L. Jirtle (2003) Transposable Elements: Targets for Early Nutritional Effects on Epigenetic Gene Regulation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 23, 5293-
5300. (b) From: D.C. Dolinoy et al., "Maternal genistein alters coat color and protects Avy mouse offspring from obesity by modifying the fetal epigenome," Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr,
114(4): 567-572. Reproduced with permission
Genes-Traits The mice shown in part (b) are genetically identical. Their differences in coat color are due to epigenetic modifications that occur during early stages of
development.
Transcribed Image Text:FIGURE 16.8 Dietary effects on coat color in mice. (a) A mutation in the Agouti gene, designated A", is caused by the insertion of a TE upstream from the normal Agouti promoter. The TE promoter is very active and causes the overexpression of the Agouti gene. (b) Mice carrying the A" allele exhibit a range of phenotypes. The mice shown here are heterozygotes, A"a; they carry the mutant A" alele and a loss-of-function allele (a). (c) Effects of diet supple- mentation on coat color. White bars represent offspring from females given a normal diet, and black bars represent offspring from females given a supplemented diet. (d) DNA methylation patterns among mice with different coat colors. The samples to determine DNA methylation were obtained from cells in the tail. (a).(e),(d) Source: Data from R. A. Waterland and R. L. Jirtle (2003) Transposable Elements: Targets for Early Nutritional Effects on Epigenetic Gene Regulation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 23, 5293- 5300. (b) From: D.C. Dolinoy et al., "Maternal genistein alters coat color and protects Avy mouse offspring from obesity by modifying the fetal epigenome," Environ Health Perspect. 2006 Apr, 114(4): 567-572. Reproduced with permission Genes-Traits The mice shown in part (b) are genetically identical. Their differences in coat color are due to epigenetic modifications that occur during early stages of development.
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