16. What are the three mechanisms used to import proteins to specific organelles? 17. How are proteins directed to specific sites in the cell? 18. Describe an experiment we discussed which showed that signal sequences are both necessary and sufficient. 19. Describe how nuclear proteins are transported into the nucleus. 20. Describe how proteins are translocated into the lumen of the mitochondria.

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Cell Signaling

It allows cells to perform various cellular activities, coordinate, and interact with other cells. All cells of an organism receive signals from their environments and respond accordingly. Even the unicellular eukaryotes receive signals secreted by other cells and respond. In the case of yeast, mating takes place by signaling between the yeast cells. Communication by cell signaling in a multicellular organism has become a vast and important part of various fields of biology.