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- WA 82. Regulation of cellular metabolism by insulin requires activation of the insulin-receptor substrate protein-1 (IRS1). Some individuals who have type 2 diabetes mellitus have mutations in the IRS1 gene. Which of the following normal steps in insulin signaling is most likely to be impaired by these mutations? A) Cleavage of IRS1 by the insulin receptor B) Phosphorylation of IRS1 by the insulin receptor C) Production of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate by IRS1 D) Stimulation of a G protein by IRS1 E) Synthesis of diacylglycerol by IRS1Drugs that inhibit eicosanoids formation may be... * agents reducing substrate arachidonic acid availability agents inhibiting the cyclooxygenase or lipoxygenase enzymes or both agents blocking eicosanoid receptors. O all of them1. Plays an important role in intracellular signaling 2. helps maintain an erection in men 3. has a key role in glycoprotein synthesis 4. Helps control diabetes by reducing blood sugar and insulin resistance 5. facilitates absorption of minerals such as Potassium, Magnesium, and Calcium 6. removes toxic substances from the breakdown of muscle proteins during intensive exercise 7. has a synergistic effect with Vitamin E and Selenium 8. Needed to produce tryptophan 9. Protects myelin sheath 10. facilitates removal of heavy metals such as mercury Choices for the answers: A. Alanine B. Cysteine C. Glutamine D. Glutathione E. Glycine F. Serine G. Taurine H. Aspargine I. Aspartic Acid J. Proline K. L-arginine L. Tyrosine
- Provide a diagram of the EPH RECEPTOR B2 (EPHB2) structure. Give annotations of binding sites and enzyme active sites.select the BEST answer Aconitase is most interesting in that it: Can be coded for by 2 different genes O Exists as either a membrane bound or soluble protein depending on intracellular conditions O Has 2 distinct roles depending on the availability of Iron O Can change the AGº' of it's reaction O Is itself an allosteric regulator of the PDH complex5. (а) participates in glucose homeostatic maintenance by governing the rates of glucose catabolism in pan- creatic B-cells and glycogen storage in hepatocytes (liver cells). In contrast to the regulatory mecha- nisms of hexokinase I or Il in other tissues, GCK is regulated by binding to the Glucokinase Regulatory Protein (GRP) located in the cell nucleus. When glucose in hepatocytes is low, GCK is sequestered in the nucleus by binding to the GRP. High glucose, for instance, after ingestion of a meal, disrupts the GRP-GCK complex, allowing the GCK to diffuse into the cytoplasm to convert glucose into glucose-6- phosphate. Contrast the properties of hexokinases I and IV with respect to oligomeric structure, mech- anism of regulation of their activity, KM value, and dependence of catalytic activity on cellular location. Hexokinase I is found in, for instance, muscle tissue. Hexokinase IV is known as glucokinase (GCK) and is a central metabolic enzyme that Property subunit structutre…
- The metabolic precursor for the production of most eicosanoids isKetogenic diet - high in fats - is good for individuals with PDHC deficiency. Why? Sugars become the primary source of cellular energy Activates E1 Increases stability in interactions between E1, E2, and E3 Allows for primary source of acetyl CoA to bypass PDCH and come from beta-oxidationWhich of the following best describes the use of 2-deoxyglucose in allowing for cancer therapy? Elevates p53 levels directly to regulate glycolytic flux Blocks activation of HIF1transcriptional activation Diminishes lactate production by inhibiting lactate dehydrogenase to allow increased levels of pyruvate to force the transport of pyruvate into the matrix and the function of the TCA cycle Diminishes lactate export from the cell to allow increased levels of pyruvate to force the transport of pyruvate into the matrix and the function of the TCA cycle Competes with glucose for hexokinase, allowing inhibition of glycolytic flux, reducing ATP production.
- . Suggest the effects of each of the following mutations on the physio- logical role of chymotrypsinogen: (a) R15S (b) Cis (c) T147SHow is cigarette smoking related to elastase function? Methionine sulfoxide is formed by cigarette smoke in the antitrypsin protein, which leads to the full manifestation of the disease in individuals heterozygous for emphysema. Oxidation of methionine 358 by cigarette smoke of the elastase inhibitor active site leads to an increased inhibition of elastase and subsequent overaccumulation of mucus in the lungs. The inhibitor of elastase is axidized by cigarette smoke so elastase doesn't function properly in healthy individuals. Cigarette smoke modifies the elastase methionine residues such that the enzyme activity is blocked.Some are unable to taste thiourea and PTC. DNA sequence results for these individuals show a normal predicted amino acid sequence for the TAS2R38 gene. Provide an explanation that can account for insensitivity to thiourea. (a) First assuming a mutation involving the TAS2R38 gene (b) Then assuming a mutation in a gene other than TAS2R38