15.Which of the following correctly explains why alkyl grooups are ortho/para-directing groups? a. Meta substitution results in an arenium ion in which a positive charge is destabilized by an adjacent electron-withdrawing group. b. Ortho/para substitution results in an arenium ion intermediale in which all atoms have complete octets. c. A lone pair of electrons on the alkyl group participates in re sonance and stabilizes the arenium ion intermediate in ortho/para substitution. d. The most stable resonance structure for the arenium ion intermediate in ortho/para substitution contains a 2° carbocation. e. The alkyl group is electron donating via induction and stabilizes the adjacent positive charge in the ortho/para substitution intermediate.

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Alkanes and Cycloalkanes

Alkanes are saturated organic compounds which are made up of C and H atoms. Alkanes have the general formula of CnH2n+2. Alkane contains sp3 hybridized carbon atoms with four sigmas (σ) bonds & every hydrogen atom is connected with one of the carbon atoms. The size of the alkane could be determined by the number of carbon atoms located in it.