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13. What role do carbocations play in alkylation and acylation?

13. What role do carbocations play in alkylation and acylation?

Chemistry
Chemistry
10th Edition
ISBN:9781305957404
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste
Chapter1: Chemical Foundations
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...
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9. How do Lewis acids play a role in generation of the electrophile? A mechanism will be needed to go along with your explanation. 10. Explain the nitration of benzene reaction. 11. What are deactivating groups, and how do they relate to substitution on the benzene ring? 12. What is the difference between alkylation and acylation? Are there any differences in the mechanism? 13. What role do carbocations play in alkylation and acylation? 14. What are activating groups, how do they relate to the substitution on the benzene ring? 15. Which is more reactive, benzene or cyclic alkenes? Why? 16. Explain the hydrogen deuterium exchange. 17. Explain why there are three products from the nitration of methylbenzene. What do the products suggest about rate of the reaction and percent yield? 18. Name the reagents of the Birch reduction. Why is the reaction actually called a reduction? 19. Use three reactions of your own as examples to predict the coupling products of the organocuprate, Heck, and Suzuki reactions? You should come up with your own example reagents and predict the correct products. 20. Name all the electrophilic reactions in this chapter. 21. List all your activating substituents or groups in order of increasing reactivity. 22. Why are halogens deactivating groups, but ortho and para directors, while other deactivating groups are meta directors? 23. What is unique about side chain hologenation? 24. What types of substitution can be obtained and the benzylic position? Use reactions to demonstrate. 25. Why is sulfonation reversible?
Transcribed Image Text:9. How do Lewis acids play a role in generation of the electrophile? A mechanism will be needed to go along with your explanation. 10. Explain the nitration of benzene reaction. 11. What are deactivating groups, and how do they relate to substitution on the benzene ring? 12. What is the difference between alkylation and acylation? Are there any differences in the mechanism? 13. What role do carbocations play in alkylation and acylation? 14. What are activating groups, how do they relate to the substitution on the benzene ring? 15. Which is more reactive, benzene or cyclic alkenes? Why? 16. Explain the hydrogen deuterium exchange. 17. Explain why there are three products from the nitration of methylbenzene. What do the products suggest about rate of the reaction and percent yield? 18. Name the reagents of the Birch reduction. Why is the reaction actually called a reduction? 19. Use three reactions of your own as examples to predict the coupling products of the organocuprate, Heck, and Suzuki reactions? You should come up with your own example reagents and predict the correct products. 20. Name all the electrophilic reactions in this chapter. 21. List all your activating substituents or groups in order of increasing reactivity. 22. Why are halogens deactivating groups, but ortho and para directors, while other deactivating groups are meta directors? 23. What is unique about side chain hologenation? 24. What types of substitution can be obtained and the benzylic position? Use reactions to demonstrate. 25. Why is sulfonation reversible?
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