13-15 **Exercise 14: Clinical Thinking Challenge**Support each of the following correct statements with appropriate rationale, stating why or in what way each statement is correct.1. Two steps are needed for respiration to take place in an animal’s body, occurring in different anatomic structures. * **Answer:** External respiration and internal respiration2. Internal respiration is the real “business end” of respiration. * **Answer:** The process by which the body's cells receive oxygen and remove waste carbon dioxide.3. The respiratory system performs some secondary functions important to an animal’s well-being.4. Phonation is enhanced by structures additional to the larynx and vocal cords.5. Acid-base balance is an important homeostatic mechanism in the body.6. The respiratory system contributes to the process of acid-base control.7. The nasal passages are not just simple tubes.8. Two sets of scroll-like turbinates are found in each nasal passage.9. The type of cells lining the nasal passages is critical to their function.10. Sinuses can be clinically significant.11. It is easy to choke if an animal tries to swallow and breathe at the same time.12. The larynx has three main functions.13. Coughing is a complex and often helpful and necessary function.14. Techniques for passing ET tubes vary among species.15. Roaring (in horses) is actually due to a paralysis.16. An anesthetized animal must be protected from aspiration of foreign material.*Continued*

Lungs are essential parts of the respiratory system. A pair of lungs in humans are formed in such a manner that they are separated by thin membranes and smaller tubes known as bronchioles. When we inhale, air enters the lungs, and oxygen from the air travels to the blood. Simultaneously, carbon dioxide, a waste gas, travels from the blood to the lungs and is expelled.Answer 13: Yes, the coughing process is complex and begins with a closed glottis, to produce a cough, the glottis shuts and the breathing muscles contract, squeezing the chest. This causes pressure to build up behind the closed glottis. Coughing occurs when the glottis rapidly opens, resulting in a strong discharge of breath. But it is very important because coughing is typically used to remove mucus and other waste from the lower respiratory passages. Answer 14: Yes, ET tubes differ across species. For example, Endotracheal intubation is frequently performed blindly in horses and cattle, both of which have long heads and soft palates. The head and neck of the unconscious animal are stretched to provide a straighter passage into the larynx, and the ET tube is lubricated and carefully put into the animal's mouth. It is then gradually advanced until it passes past the glottis and into the trachea. Because the long, soft palate compresses the tube tip ventrally, it frequently enters the glottis on the first try.The soft palates of dogs and cats are typically too short for the blind approach to be effective. They are frequently intubated using a device known as a laryngoscope. Answer 15: Roaring in horses is a frequent ailment known as "LARYNGEAL HEMIPLEGIA" or paralysis, which means half of the larynx is paralyzed. Actually, it is a paralysis of the muscles that constrict the arytenoid cartilage and voice cord on one side of the larynx (typically the left). It normally does not present a problem while the animal is at rest, however when the animal moves and gasps hard, the paralyzed vocal cord slightly impedes the glottis each time the animal breathes. As the animal breathes, the characteristic "roaring" sound is produced, making it difficult for the animal to acquire enough oxygen.