11.3A1 - What is the horizontal distance (measured in mm) between adjacent tick marks,representing 10 s of time on Fig. A11.3.1?___________ mm11.3A2 - Use the time scale and estimate the UTC time (minutes and seconds) whenthose first-arrivals occurred. Then use a ruler to measure carefully the distance between the P-and S-wave first arrivals (in mm) to determine the S-minus-P time. Record your measurementson the following table.11.3A3 - Using the S-minus-P time intervals determined in part A and the travel-timecurves in Fig. 11.5B, determine the distance from the epicenter (in kilometers) for each seismicstation.SSPA: kmWCI: kmWVT: km ### Figure 11.5 Travel-time curves.#### Graph AThis graph displays the travel-time curves for P-waves, S-waves, and surface waves. It includes traces from 17 different seismographs positioned at varying distances from the epicenter of the magnitude-7.1 Ayutla-Puebla earthquake on September 19, 2017.- **X-axis:** Great-circle distance between the epicenter and the seismograph (kilometers).- **Y-axis:** Time since the earthquake occurred (minutes).The graph includes three main curves, each indicating the first arrival of different seismic waves:- **P-wave first arrival (red line):** Travels faster and arrives first.- **S-wave first arrival (blue line):** Arrives after P-waves.- **Surface wave first arrival (purple line):** Arrives last, follows distinct pattern.The dashed rectangle marks the area detailed in Graph B.#### Graph BThis graph is an expanded view, suitable for distances within approximately 1000 km of an epicenter.- **X-axis:** Great-circle distance between the epicenter and the seismograph (kilometers).- **Y-axis:** Time since the earthquake occurred (seconds).The graph highlights:- **S-minus-P time of 70 seconds:** Corresponds to an approximate distance of 667 km to the epicenter.These graphs provide empirical data insights into seismic wave behavior and travel times. ## Figure A11.3.1: Seismic Wave ArrivalsThis seismogram depicts the arrival times of seismic waves recorded at three different stations: SSPA, WCI, and WVT, during a seismic event on August 23, 2011. The times are noted in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).### Key Features:1. **P-wave First Arrival** (Red Label) - At each station (SSPA, WCI, WVT), the P-wave is the first to arrive. This type of seismic wave travels fastest through the Earth.2. **S-wave First Arrival** (Blue Label) - The S-wave, which arrives after the P-wave, travels at a slower speed and is detectable on each station's seismogram.### Seismic Stations:- **SSPA**: P-wave first arrival is earlier compared to WCI and WVT, indicating its relative proximity to the earthquake's epicenter.- **WCI**: Displays noticeable seismic activity with clear arrival times for both P and S waves.- **WVT**: Similar patterns to WCI, with the P-wave arriving slightly ahead of the S-wave.### Time Scale:- The horizontal axis represents time in hours, minutes, and seconds.- The diagram includes markers indicating durations of 60 seconds and 10 seconds for reference.This seismogram provides valuable data for analyzing the propagation of seismic waves and understanding the dynamics of the earthquake source.

The first two images show travel-time curves for P-, S-, and surface waves with a set of traces from 17 different seismographs at various distances from the epicenter. The second image shows three seismographs of different locations. The task is to find out the distance of epicentre from each seismic station. 11.3 A1. 94000000mmWhen measured by ruler it comes 94km. = 94 km = 94000000mm 11.3 A2 For station SSPAArrival of p waves- 17:51:37Arrival of s waves- 18:52:20Difference between p and s waves is 43 secondsFor station WCI Arrival of p waves- 17:52:35 Arrival of s waves- 17:53:51Difference between p and s waves is 76 seconds. For station WVT Arrival of p waves- 17:52:59Arrival of s waves- 17:54:30Difference between p and s waves is 91 seconds.Answer to the question number 11.3A3 Distance from Each seismic station- SSPA: 410 kmWCI: 730 kmWVT: 870 km11.3 A1.94000000mm11.3 A2 For SSPA difference between p and s waves is secondsFor WCI difference between p and s waves is 76 secondsFor WVT difference between p and s waves is 91 seconds.11.3 A3. SSPA: 410 kmWCI: 730 kmWVT: 870 km

Answered: 11.3A1 - What is the horizontal…

Applications and Investigations in Earth Science (9th Edition)

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ISBN:9780134746241

Author:Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens, Dennis G. Tasa

Publisher:Edward J. Tarbuck, Frederick K. Lutgens, Dennis G. Tasa

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Question

11.3A1 - What is the horizontal distance (measured in mm) between adjacent tick marks,
representing 10 s of time on Fig. A11.3.1?
___________ mm

11.3A2 - Use the time scale and estimate the UTC time (minutes and seconds) when
those first-arrivals occurred. Then use a ruler to measure carefully the distance between the P-
and S-wave first arrivals (in mm) to determine the S-minus-P time. Record your measurements
on the following table.

11.3A3 - Using the S-minus-P time intervals determined in part A and the travel-time
curves in Fig. 11.5B, determine the distance from the epicenter (in kilometers) for each seismic
station.
SSPA: km

WCI: km

WVT: km