11 BIVARIATE ASSOCIATION FOR NOMINAL- AND ORDINAL-LEVEL VARIA i Authoritarianism Efficiency Low High Low 10 Totals 12 gto onsu 22 Neighborhood High 17 Quality of Life 22 Beaconsdale Totals 27 Soce Cohes 17 44 Brentwood २2१2 17 Chesapeake Shores 6 College Park 8E Denbigh Plantation ec Kingswood orlh 88 11.8 PA All applicants to the Police Academy are given 40 3.9 47 an aptitude test, but the test has never been evalu- ated to see if test scores are in any way related to job performance. Describe the strength and direction of the relationship in a sentence or two. Should the test continue to be administered? Why or why not? 4.0 90 3.1 35 North End 7.5 52 B Phoebus 3.5 23 6.3 Riverview 67 1.7 Queens Lake 65 9.2 Test Scores Windsor Forest 63 3.0 100 5.3 Moderate High 12 Tulo 6 52 b Efficiency b Low Totals 11.11 SOC Following are the scores of a sample of I Low 7 25 nations on a measure of ethnic diversity (the highe the number, the greater the diversity) and a meas ure of economic inequality (the higher the score the greater the inequality). Are these variables re lated? Are ethnically diverse nations more econom ically unequal? Moderate 11 29 High 10 24 Totals liv 26 26 26 78 119 SW A sample of children tated for symptoms of depression. Their parents have been rated for level of alcohol use. Is there any relationship between these variables? Write a few sentences stating your conclusions. has been observed and Nation Diversity Inequality India 91 29.7 87 58.4 South Africa 83 57.5 Kenya 31.5 75 01 adst Canada ol Malaysia tals Symptoms of Depression Level of Alcohol Use 72 48.4 26 32.7 Low Moderate High Totals 69 Few 24 Kazakhstan 32.0 Some 65 50 7. 24 Egypt 41.0 Many 63 15 30.1 50.3 32.5 33.7 25.6 359 27 10 18 43 United States Totals 57 12 23 Sri Lanka 50 30 ni o 30 90 Mexico ds Spain 30 3OC) Eleven neighborhoods have been rated by 44 Totals 25 EN urban sociologist on a "quality-of-life" scale which includes measures of affluence, availabil- ty of medical care, and recreational facilities) and ocial cohesion scale. The results are presented re in scores. Higher scores indicate higher quality 31 Australia 16 25 Finland "quality-of-life" scale 50 Ireland government of on the extent to Nfe and Poland vles of leadership cy of each depart- results are summa- mn percentages, riate meas- What les associated?What is the strength and direction the association? Summarize the relationship in a greater social cohesion. Are the two vari- dence or twwo. (HINT; 11.12 |SOC| Twenty ethnic, racial, or nations were rated by a random sample of whie students on a Social Distance Sca resent less social distance a pankings e of Spearm 4.
Addition Rule of Probability
It simply refers to the likelihood of an event taking place whenever the occurrence of an event is uncertain. The probability of a single event can be calculated by dividing the number of successful trials of that event by the total number of trials.
Expected Value
When a large number of trials are performed for any random variable ‘X’, the predicted result is most likely the mean of all the outcomes for the random variable and it is known as expected value also known as expectation. The expected value, also known as the expectation, is denoted by: E(X).
Probability Distributions
Understanding probability is necessary to know the probability distributions. In statistics, probability is how the uncertainty of an event is measured. This event can be anything. The most common examples include tossing a coin, rolling a die, or choosing a card. Each of these events has multiple possibilities. Every such possibility is measured with the help of probability. To be more precise, the probability is used for calculating the occurrence of events that may or may not happen. Probability does not give sure results. Unless the probability of any event is 1, the different outcomes may or may not happen in real life, regardless of how less or how more their probability is.
Basic Probability
The simple definition of probability it is a chance of the occurrence of an event. It is defined in numerical form and the probability value is between 0 to 1. The probability value 0 indicates that there is no chance of that event occurring and the probability value 1 indicates that the event will occur. Sum of the probability value must be 1. The probability value is never a negative number. If it happens, then recheck the calculation.
Question 11.8
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