1. The last Latin speaking emperor lost power in Rome in 476 CE, causing a decline in centralized political authority, trade, urbanization, and literacy in Western Europe. Germanic tribes established small kingdoms and chiefdoms, with weak political authority. The Carolingian Dynasty of the Franks, from 751 to 814, brought some political unity and cultural revival. The pope crowned the first Carolingian King, Pepin, and Charlemagne was crowned "Roman Emperor" by the pope in 800. Charlemagne built an empire and fostered a modest intellectual revival. However, weak leadership by his heirs led to the decline of centralization and a shift to a feudal society after his death in 814. 1. What factors led to Charlemagne being crowned "Roman Emperor", and what contributions did he make to the Empire? 2. Feudalism developed gradually and differed greatly depending on location. In the past, historians portrayed it as a rigid hierarchy where kings gave lands to nobles and nobles gave lands to knights in exchange for loyalty and military service. Although this description is mostly correct, modern historians view it as a oversimplified version of a complex system. Instead, feudalism should be seen as a web of relationships. 2. In what way have modern historians changed their view on feudalism? 3. Feudalism was a system that tied land ownership to military service. Kings would give land (called fiefs) to vassals in return for loyalty and military service. The land grants could be large for high-ranking nobles like dukes or marquesses, or small for knights serving in the king's army. The recipients of large land grants could also give out fiefs to lesser nobles or knights who served in their army. Kings, nobles, and knights could be vassals to multiple lords and have land grants and titles from multiple people. Over time, the system became hereditary and titles of nobility and fiefs could be passed down through marriage. In Europe, the original inhabitants of the granted land became serfs, legally bound to the land and obligated to work for the lord. In other areas, the inhabitants might be free peasant farmers who were free to leave, but generally had no reason to do so. 3. Explain the hierarchy of the feudal system. Then create a web chart illustrating the feudal system 4. During feudalism, Europe became decentralized and self-sufficient. Long-distance trade declined and the old Roman road system fell into disrepair. Each feudal lord had a manor where most necessities of life were produced. A manor was a self-sufficient economic system on the feudal lord's fief and included the lord's house, church, workshops, mill, a village of cottages for peasants or serfs, pastures for livestock, and farmland. The peasants or serfs were required to work for the lord and pay taxes, while the lord was responsible for maintaining order, providing housing, and protecting the inhabitants of the manor. 4. Explain how feudalism led to the decline to long distance trade and decentralized Europe 5. The Roman Catholic Church gained spiritual and temporal power in medieval society due to the weak and decentralized feudal states. The popes in Rome maintained spiritual unity through a hierarchy of clergy, including cardinals, bishops, abbots, and priests. The authority of the clergy was reinforced by several factors, such as the belief that only the clergy could interpret scripture, the monopoly on religious authority, and the enforcement of canon law. The punishment for heresy, including excommunication and interdict, helped maintain the power of the church. Excommunication expelled a believer from the church, denying them eternal salvation, and interdict denied sacraments to entire regions. These were powerful tools in maintaining both spiritual and secular authority in a society deeply rooted in faith. 5. Explain how the Roman Catholic church gain and maintain both secular and spiritual authority? 6. European monarchs attempted to control the pope's authority by appointing their allies in the clergy. They wanted the power to appoint bishops, known as lay investiture. The church allowed this until 1075 when Pope Gregory VII banned it. This caused a conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV who was trying to increase his power. The pope excommunicated Henry, weakening his secular authority. To regain his respect and access to eternal salvation, Henry was forced to stand in the snow barefoot wearing a hair shirt and beg for forgiveness from the pope for three days. Gregory lifted the excommunication and Henry accepted the ban on lay investiture, but the conflict between popes and monarchs in Europe continued. 4. Why do you think the monarchs wanted to appoint bishops? How did PopeGregory VII challenge the monarchy and reinforce power of the church?

1. The last Latin speaking emperor lost power in Rome in 476 CE, causing a decline in centralized political authority, trade, urbanization, and literacy in Western Europe. Germanic tribes established small kingdoms and chiefdoms, with weak political authority. The Carolingian Dynasty of the Franks, from 751 to 814, brought some political unity and cultural revival. The pope crowned the first Carolingian King, Pepin, and Charlemagne was crowned "Roman Emperor" by the pope in 800. Charlemagne built an empire and fostered a modest intellectual revival. However, weak leadership by his heirs led to the decline of centralization and a shift to a feudal society after his death in 814. 1. What factors led to Charlemagne being crowned "Roman Emperor", and what contributions did he make to the Empire? 2. Feudalism developed gradually and differed greatly depending on location. In the past, historians portrayed it as a rigid hierarchy where kings gave lands to nobles and nobles gave lands to knights in exchange for loyalty and military service. Although this description is mostly correct, modern historians view it as a oversimplified version of a complex system. Instead, feudalism should be seen as a web of relationships. 2. In what way have modern historians changed their view on feudalism? 3. Feudalism was a system that tied land ownership to military service. Kings would give land (called fiefs) to vassals in return for loyalty and military service. The land grants could be large for high-ranking nobles like dukes or marquesses, or small for knights serving in the king's army. The recipients of large land grants could also give out fiefs to lesser nobles or knights who served in their army. Kings, nobles, and knights could be vassals to multiple lords and have land grants and titles from multiple people. Over time, the system became hereditary and titles of nobility and fiefs could be passed down through marriage. In Europe, the original inhabitants of the granted land became serfs, legally bound to the land and obligated to work for the lord. In other areas, the inhabitants might be free peasant farmers who were free to leave, but generally had no reason to do so. 3. Explain the hierarchy of the feudal system. Then create a web chart illustrating the feudal system 4. During feudalism, Europe became decentralized and self-sufficient. Long-distance trade declined and the old Roman road system fell into disrepair. Each feudal lord had a manor where most necessities of life were produced. A manor was a self-sufficient economic system on the feudal lord's fief and included the lord's house, church, workshops, mill, a village of cottages for peasants or serfs, pastures for livestock, and farmland. The peasants or serfs were required to work for the lord and pay taxes, while the lord was responsible for maintaining order, providing housing, and protecting the inhabitants of the manor. 4. Explain how feudalism led to the decline to long distance trade and decentralized Europe 5. The Roman Catholic Church gained spiritual and temporal power in medieval society due to the weak and decentralized feudal states. The popes in Rome maintained spiritual unity through a hierarchy of clergy, including cardinals, bishops, abbots, and priests. The authority of the clergy was reinforced by several factors, such as the belief that only the clergy could interpret scripture, the monopoly on religious authority, and the enforcement of canon law. The punishment for heresy, including excommunication and interdict, helped maintain the power of the church. Excommunication expelled a believer from the church, denying them eternal salvation, and interdict denied sacraments to entire regions. These were powerful tools in maintaining both spiritual and secular authority in a society deeply rooted in faith. 5. Explain how the Roman Catholic church gain and maintain both secular and spiritual authority? 6. European monarchs attempted to control the pope's authority by appointing their allies in the clergy. They wanted the power to appoint bishops, known as lay investiture. The church allowed this until 1075 when Pope Gregory VII banned it. This caused a conflict with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV who was trying to increase his power. The pope excommunicated Henry, weakening his secular authority. To regain his respect and access to eternal salvation, Henry was forced to stand in the snow barefoot wearing a hair shirt and beg for forgiveness from the pope for three days. Gregory lifted the excommunication and Henry accepted the ban on lay investiture, but the conflict between popes and monarchs in Europe continued. 4. Why do you think the monarchs wanted to appoint bishops? How did PopeGregory VII challenge the monarchy and reinforce power of the church?