1. Summarize the primary source document by giving a few sentences saying what it is and where it came from, and then writing a paragraph or two that describes what is says. 2. Analyze the source by stating your own informed opinion, about what the source means in its context and you should talk about each source in the context of the history we are studying—that it, in its own time and place—rather than comparing it to modern events, people, orinstitutions. Citizens(16) But if a slave has suffered no such disgrace, he sometimes becomes a Roman citizen when he ismanumitted, and sometimes a Latin [that is, not a full Roman citizen].(17) A slave becomes a Roman citizen if he fulfils the following three conditions. He must be over thirtyyears of age; his master must own him by Quiritary right [that is, according to Roman law]; and he mustbe set free by a just and legitimate manumission, i.e. by the rod (vindicta) or by census or by [a] will. Ifany of these conditions is not met, he will become a Latin.(18) The condition about the age of the slave first appeared in the Lex Aelia Sentia. That law does notallow slaves below thirty to become Roman citizens on manumission unless they have been freed by therod after a council (consilium) accepted there was just reason for the manumission.(19) A just reason for manumission exists when, for example, a man manumits in the presence of acouncil a natural son, daughter, brother or sister; or a child he has brought up [ahimnus = foundling], orhis paedagogus [the slave whose job it had been to look after him as a child], or a slave whom he wants toemploy as his manager (procurator), or a slave girl whom he intends to marry.(20) In the city of Rome, the council comprises five Roman senators and five equestrians; in theprovinces it consists of twenty local justices (recupertores) who must be Roman citizens, and meets onthe last day of the provincial assizes; at Rome there are certain fixed days for manumissions before acouncil. Slaves over thirty can in fact be manumitted at any time; so that manumissions can even takeplace when the Praetor or Proconsul is passing by on his way to the baths or theatre, for instance.(21) Furthermore, a slave under thirty can become a Roman citizen by manumission if he has beendeclared free in the will of an insolvent master and appointed as his heir [i.e. to take over the liabilities:the heres necessarius], provided that he is not excluded by another heir.Junian Latins(22)... [Persons who do not fulfill the conditions for full citizenship] are called "Junian Latins": Latinsbecause they are assimilated to the status of those Latins who lived in the ancient colonies; Junianbecause they received their freedom through the Lex Junia, since they were previously considered to havethe status of slaves.(23) But the Lex Junia does not give them the right to make a will themselves, or to inherit or beappointed as guardians under someone else's will.(24) When we said that they cannot inherit under a will, we meant that they cannot receive anythingdirectly as an inheritance or legacy; but they can receive things by way of a trust (deicommissum).Digression-Dediticii(25) But those who have the status of subjects cannot receive anything at all by will, no more than anyforeigner can, and, according to the general opinion, they cannot make a will themselves.(26) The lowest kind of freedom is therefore that of those whose status is that of subjects; and no statute,

1. Summarize the primary source document by giving a few sentences saying what it is and where it came from, and then writing a paragraph or two that describes what is says. 2. Analyze the source by stating your own informed opinion, about what the source means in its context and you should talk about each source in the context of the history we are studying— that it, in its own time and place—rather than comparing it to modern events, people, or institutions.

1. Summarize the primary source document by giving a few sentences saying what it is and where it came from, and then writing a paragraph or two that describes what is says. 2. Analyze the source by stating your own informed opinion, about what the source means in its context and you should talk about each source in the context of the history we are studying— that it, in its own time and place—rather than comparing it to modern events, people, or institutions.