Answered: 1. If an organism had a genome made up…

1. If an organism had a genome made up of 20,000 base pairs, how many bases (As, Ts, Cs, and Gs) does it actually have? If you know that there are 4,000 Ts, how many Cs? As? Gs?

Human Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Course List)

11th Edition

ISBN:9781305251052

Author:Michael Cummings

Publisher:Michael Cummings

Chapter15: Genomes And Genomics

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 10QP: What percentage of the DNA in the genome actually corresponds to genes? How much is actually...

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Concept explainers

Genetic Recombination

Recombination is crucial to this process because it allows genes to be reassorted into diverse combinations. Genetic recombination is the process of combining genetic components from two different origins into a single unit. In prokaryotes, genetic recombination takes place by the unilateral transfer of deoxyribonucleic acid. It includes transduction, transformation, and conjugation. The genetic exchange occurring between homologous deoxyribonucleic acid sequences (DNA) from two different sources is termed general recombination. For this to happen, an identical sequence of the two recombining molecules is required. The process of genetic exchange which occurs in eukaryotes during sexual reproduction such as meiosis is an example of this type of genetic recombination.

Microbial Genetics

Genes are the functional units of heredity. They transfer characteristic information from parents to the offspring.

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1. If an organism had a genome made up of 20,000 base pairs, how many bases (As, Ts, Cs, and Gs)
does it actually have? If you know that there are 4,000 Ts, how many Cs? As? Gs?

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1. In not more than 200 words, explain how the double-helical structure of DNA suggests a mechanism for DNA replication? 2. In not more than 200 words, explain the special mechanism used to replicate chromosome ends? 3. The human genome 3.4Gb would be 2.3 meters long if stretched linearly. In not more than 200 words, explain how a genome of this size is fit into a cell of minuscules proportions? You may add a diagram to your answer. 4. In not more than 200 words, explain how eukaryotic RNA synthesized by RNA polymerase II is modified before leaving the nucleus?
1. Let s and s' be two sequences, where s = GGATT and s' evolves from s by substituting the A in s by a C, and then appending AT to the end of s. • What is s'? • What is the true pairwise alignment of s and s'?
. While studying the structure of a small gene that was recently sequenced during the Human Genome Project, an investigator notices that one strand of the DNA molecule contains the following: 20 adenine (A) bases 30 cytosine (C) bases25 guanine (G) bases 22 thymine (T) bases How many of each base is found in the complete double-stranded molecule?
14. For the diagram at right, please label the following words on the diagram. (A) Deoxyribose (sugar), (B) Phosphate, and (C) Nitrogenous Base. 15. Based on the definition, how many nucleotides do you see in this diagram? 16. What are the four different types of bases in DNA and how do they pair? 17. When studying heredity, what is the relationship of DNA bases and traits?
1. What can you conclude about the base composition and base distribution of G-C base pairs in the bandicootgenomic DNA from this result? Briefly explain how or why you would reach those conclusions.
Sarah is a scientist looking at specific sequences of base pairs on a DNA molecule within a specific cell. Which of the following pairings would she most likely observe in this DNA molecule? O Equivalent A and C base pairs O When she adds G and C base pairs together that would most likely equal the addition of A and T base pairs together O When she adds A and C base pairs together that would most likely equal the addition of G and T base pairs together O EquivalentA and G base pairs while C and Tsc pairs are equivalent
5. The nucleotide sequences of the DNA molecules in the figure below were obtained from four different individuals, one wild type and three mutants. Wild Type 5'-TTATCCATGATCGGATCGATCCATTAGCCGA-3' 3'-AATAGGTACTAGCCTAGCTAGGTAATCGGCT-5’ Mutant I 5'-ATCCATGATCGGATTGATCCATTAGCCGAAT-3’ 3'-TAGGTACTAGCCTAACTAGGTAATCGGCTTA-5’ Mutant II 5'-CCGTTATCCATGATCGGATAGATCCATTAGCC-3’ 3'-GGCAATAGGTACTAGCCTATCTAGGTAATCGG-5’ Mutant III 5'-CACCGTTATCCATGATCGGAACGATCCATTAGC-3’ 3'-CAGGCAATAGGTACTAGCCTTGCTAGGTAATCG-5’ a) Identify the open reading frames in each sequence of DNA and translate them into proteins. Write down the sequence of amino acids that will be obtained after translation: b) Which of the mutations above would be least likely to cause a change in the function of the protein? Why? c) Which of the mutations above would probably cause a major disruption in the function of the protein? Why?
7) The Human Genome project cost billions of dollars to complete. What was it and do you think it was worth the cost? Use at least two lines of reasoning to support your opinion.
4). A scientist analyzed a segment of 1 point DNA from a human chromosome and found that the percentage of thymine molecular bases (T) was 35%. Which row in the chart below contains the correct percentages of the other molecular bases in the DNA segment? Row Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Adenine (A) (1) 15% 25% 25% (2) 25% 25% 15% (3) 15% 15% 35% (4) 35% 15% 15% Row (1) Row (2) Row (3) O Row (4)
2. Dr. Kim at Ewha Research Center performed shotgun Sanger sequencing on an unknown DNA sample, and obtained the following reads (12 reads). Since the length of each read is quite short, Dr. Kim ran the original sample in a gel electrophoresis, and realized that the original DNA is just 50 base pairs long. (Please note that the resolution of gel electrophoresis is not so good. Thus, we cannot figure out the exact length of DNA using gel electrophoresis in the real world.) 1) САСТС ССAGT GTACC T 3) GGAGT CAАТC GC 5) GGCTG TGCTT GG 7) GATGG CTGTG 9) CAGTG TAССT GCA 11) TGCAA GCCGA G 2) AGCCG AGATG GCTG 4) CTGCA AGCCG A 6) CTTGG AGTCA ATCGC 8) САСТС ССAG 10) GCTGT GСТTG G 12) TGCTT GGAGT (a) Find the sequence of the original DNA (reconstruction), and align each read with the reconstructed DNA sequence. (hint: put all reads on a ppt slide, and move them around to find overlaps.) (b) Calculate coverage at each nucleotide position of the reconstructed DNA, i.e., how many reads cover that…
2. Dr. Kim at Ewha Research Center performed shotgun Sanger sequencing on an unknown DNA sample, and obtained the following reads (12 reads). Since the length of each read is quite short, Dr. Kim ran the original sample in a gel electrophoresis, and realized that the original DNA is just 50 base pairs long. (Please note that the resolution of gel electrophoresis is not so good. Thus, we cannot figure out the exact length of DNA using gel electrophoresis in the real world.) 1) САСТС ССAGT GTACC T 3) GGAGT CAАТC GC 5) GGCTG TGCTT GG 7) GATGG CTGTG 9) CAGTG TACCT GCA 11) TGCAA GCGA G 2) AGCCG AGATG GCTG 4) CTGCA AGCCG A 6) CTTGG AGTCA ATCGC 8) САСТС ССAG 10) GCTGT GCTTG G 12) TGCTT GGAGT (a} Find the sequence of the original DNA (reconstruction), and align each read with the reconstructed DNA sequence. (hint: put all reads on a ppt slide, and move them around to find overlaps.) (b) Calculate coverage at each nucleotide position of the reconstructed DNA, i.e., how many reads cover that…