1. Identify the functional groups in the following molecules. Tell how you could differentiate the following pairs of compounds with the help of ONLY infrared spectroscopy. (see Table at pp.6,7)
Electronic Effects
The effect of electrons that are located in the chemical bonds within the atoms of the molecule is termed an electronic effect. The electronic effect is also explained as the effect through which the reactivity of the compound in one portion is controlled by the electron repulsion or attraction producing in another portion of the molecule.
Drawing Resonance Forms
In organic chemistry, resonance may be a mental exercise that illustrates the delocalization of electrons inside molecules within the valence bond theory of octet bonding. It entails creating several Lewis structures that, when combined, reflect the molecule's entire electronic structure. One Lewis diagram cannot explain the bonding (lone pair, double bond, octet) elaborately. A hybrid describes a combination of possible resonance structures that represents the entire delocalization of electrons within the molecule.
Using Molecular Structure To Predict Equilibrium
Equilibrium does not always imply an equal presence of reactants and products. This signifies that the reaction reaches a point when reactant and product quantities remain constant as the rate of forward and backward reaction is the same. Molecular structures of various compounds can help in predicting equilibrium.
![Molecular Structure and Properties
1. Identify the functional groups in the following molecules. Tell how you could
differentiate the following pairs of compounds with the help of ONLY infrared
spectroscopy. (see Table at pp.6,7)
a)
´d d
CH3
b)
c)
d)
CH3
CH3
om &
CH3
OH
OH
OH](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F83c24e37-dfcf-4b7e-bb5e-0e4696d64339%2F94f19e71-e364-43a0-89bf-94b2bd169d35%2Fs8asahm_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
![TABLE 2.6 CHARACTERISTIC INFRARED ABSORPTIONS OF GROUPS
Group
A. Alkyl
C-H (stretching)
Isopropyl, -CH(CH3)2
tert-Butyl, -C(CH₂)a
B. Alkenyl
C-H (stretching)
C=C (stretching)
R-CH=CH₂
R₂C=CH₂
cis-RCH=CHR
trans-RCH=CHR
C. Alkynyl
=C-H (stretching)
C=C (stretching)
D. Aromatic
(out-of-plane
C-H bendings)
Ar-H (stretching)
C=C (stretching)
Aromatic substitution type
(C-H out-of-plane bendings)
Monosubstituted
o-Disubstituted
m-Disubstituted
p-Disubstituted
"Abbreviations: s= strong, m = medium, w=weak, v=variable,~=approximately.
Frequency
Range (cm-¹)
and
and -1365
and
and
2853-2962
1380-1385
1365-1370
1385-1395
and
3010-3095
1620-1680
985-1000
905-920
880-900
675-730
960-975
-3300
2100-2260
-3030
1450-1600
690-710
730-770
735-770
680-725
750-810
800-860
Intensity
(m-s)
(s)
(s)
££*** 23
(s)
(v)
(v)
(m)
(very s)
(very s)
(s)
(s)
(very s)
(very s)](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F83c24e37-dfcf-4b7e-bb5e-0e4696d64339%2F94f19e71-e364-43a0-89bf-94b2bd169d35%2Fcckzd6t_processed.png&w=3840&q=75)
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