Formal Charges
Formal charges have an important role in organic chemistry since this concept helps us to know whether an atom in a molecule is neutral/bears a positive or negative charge. Even if some molecules are neutral, the atoms within that molecule need not be neutral atoms.
Polarity Of Water
In simple chemical terms, polarity refers to the separation of charges in a chemical species leading into formation of two polar ends which are positively charged end and negatively charged end. Polarity in any molecule occurs due to the differences in the electronegativities of the bonded atoms. Water, as we all know has two hydrogen atoms bonded to an oxygen atom. As oxygen is more electronegative than hydrogen thus, there exists polarity in the bonds which is why water is known as a polar solvent.
Valence Bond Theory Vbt
Valence bond theory (VBT) in simple terms explains how individual atomic orbitals with an unpaired electron each, come close to each other and overlap to form a molecular orbital giving a covalent bond. It gives a quantum mechanical approach to the formation of covalent bonds with the help of wavefunctions using attractive and repulsive energies when two atoms are brought from infinity to their internuclear distance.
![### Organic Chemistry Exercise
### 1. Isomer Structures
**Question:**
For the following molecular formula, provide a valid bond line structure for 3 different constitutional isomers:
\[ C_5H_9NO_2 \]
**Answer:**
\[ [Draw the Bond Line Structures] \]
### 2. Acidity Ranking
**Question:**
Rank the acidity of the following compounds (1-5) with 1 being the MOST acidic and 5 being the LEAST acidic:
**Compounds:**
1. 
- A benzene ring with one hydroxyl group (OH) and a methyl group (CH\(_3\)) on adjacent carbon atoms.
2. 
- A benzene ring with one hydroxyl group (OH) and a methyl group (CH\(_3\)) on opposite carbon atoms.
3. 
- A benzene ring with one hydroxyl group (OH) and an iodine atom (I) on adjacent carbon atoms.
4. 
- A benzene ring with an iodine atom (I) and a hydroxyl group (OH) on opposite carbon atoms.
5. 
- A benzene ring with a carboxyl group (COOH) and two fluorine atoms (F) on adjacent carbon atoms.
**Answer:**
\[ 5 \textgreater 3 \textgreater 4 \textgreater 2 \textgreater 1 \]
### 3. Penicillin G Analysis
**Structure of Penicillin G:**
\[ [Insert Image of Penicillin G Structure] \]
a. **Molecular Formula:**
Provide the molecular formula based on the structure given.
b. **Most Acidic Hydrogen:**
Circle the most acidic hydrogen on the compound and provide a brief explanation of why it is the most acidic (less than 10 words please).
**Answer:**
a.
\[ {Insert Molecular Formula} \]
b.
\[ {Circle the most acidic hydrogen} \; \text{Carboxyl group} \; \text{hydrogen} \; {most acidic due to resonance stabilization.} \]](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F6993bec9-cc7d-4534-ac93-3221a9d4c69c%2F1b1d8848-e40a-42b6-b241-a505b0466cf3%2Favfm3f_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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