1. Dehydration: e • 2. Oxidation: ● ● ● ALCOHOLS This is a reaction where an alcohol loses a water molecule to form an alkene. For example, when ethanol is treated with an acidic catalyst, such as sulfuric acid, it undergoes dehydration to form ethene (CH2=CH2) and water. Types of Reaction(s) In this reaction, an alcohol is converted to either a carbonyl compound or a carboxylic acid. For example, primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or carboxylic acids, while secondary alcohols can be oxidized to ketones. Tertiary alcohols are usually not affected by oxidations 3. Esterification: ● The conversion of an alcohol and a carboxylic acid to an ester and water, in the presence of an acid catalyst. The reaction between methanol and acetic acid to form methyl acetate: CH3OH + CH3COOH CH3COOCH3 + H2O 4. Substitution: . ● Substitution reactions in organic chemistry involve the replacement of one atom or group of atoms with another atom or group of atoms in a molecule. 1. Cleavage reactions: ● 2. Williamson ether synthesis: ● ● Ethers can be cleaved by strong acids, such as HBr or HI, to form alkyl halides and alcohols. 3. Acid-catalyzed dehydration: ● ETHERS ● This is a method for the synthesis of ethers by the reaction of an alkoxide ion with an alkyl halide. 4. Oxidation: An ether is converted into an alkene by the elimination of a water molecule under acidic conditions. Ethers can be oxidized with strong oxidizing agents, such as peracids or chromium reagents, to form carbonyl compounds. However, ethers are generally less prone to oxidation compared to alcohols
1. Dehydration: e • 2. Oxidation: ● ● ● ALCOHOLS This is a reaction where an alcohol loses a water molecule to form an alkene. For example, when ethanol is treated with an acidic catalyst, such as sulfuric acid, it undergoes dehydration to form ethene (CH2=CH2) and water. Types of Reaction(s) In this reaction, an alcohol is converted to either a carbonyl compound or a carboxylic acid. For example, primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or carboxylic acids, while secondary alcohols can be oxidized to ketones. Tertiary alcohols are usually not affected by oxidations 3. Esterification: ● The conversion of an alcohol and a carboxylic acid to an ester and water, in the presence of an acid catalyst. The reaction between methanol and acetic acid to form methyl acetate: CH3OH + CH3COOH CH3COOCH3 + H2O 4. Substitution: . ● Substitution reactions in organic chemistry involve the replacement of one atom or group of atoms with another atom or group of atoms in a molecule. 1. Cleavage reactions: ● 2. Williamson ether synthesis: ● ● Ethers can be cleaved by strong acids, such as HBr or HI, to form alkyl halides and alcohols. 3. Acid-catalyzed dehydration: ● ETHERS ● This is a method for the synthesis of ethers by the reaction of an alkoxide ion with an alkyl halide. 4. Oxidation: An ether is converted into an alkene by the elimination of a water molecule under acidic conditions. Ethers can be oxidized with strong oxidizing agents, such as peracids or chromium reagents, to form carbonyl compounds. However, ethers are generally less prone to oxidation compared to alcohols
Chemistry: An Atoms First Approach
2nd Edition
ISBN:9781305079243
Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl
Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl
Chapter21: Organic And Biological Molecules
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 5RQ: What functional group distinguishes each of the following hydrocarbon derivatives? a....
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