1. Dehydration:2. Oxidation:This is a reaction where an alcohol loses a water molecule toform an alkene.For example, when ethanol is treated with an acidic catalyst,such as sulfuric acid, it undergoes dehydration to formethene (CH2=CH2) and water.ALCOHOLSIn this reaction, an alcohol is converted to either a carbonylcompound or a carboxylic acid.3. Esterification:Types of Reaction (s)For example, primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydesor carboxylic acids, while secondary alcohols can be oxidizedto ketones. Tertiary alcohols are usually not affected byoxidations4. Substitution:The conversion of an alcohol and a carboxylic acid to anester and water, in the presence of an acid catalyst.The reaction between methanol and acetic acid to formmethyl acetate: CH3OH + CH3COOH CH3COOCH3 + H2OClick to add speaker notesMESubstitution reactions in organic chemistry involve thereplacement of one atom or group of atoms with anotheratom or group of atoms in a molecule.1. Cleavage reactions:Ethers can be cleaved by strong acids, such as HBr or HI, to formalkyl halides and alcohols.2. Williamson ether synthesis:ETHERSThis is a method for the synthesis of ethers by the reaction of analkoxide ion with an alkyl halide.3. Acid-catalyzed dehydration:An ether is converted into an alkene by the elimination of a watermolecule under acidic conditions.4. Oxidation:Ethers can be oxidized with strong oxidizing agents, such asperacids or chromium reagents, to form carbonyl compounds.However, ethers are generally less prone to oxidation comparedto alcohols 1. Dehydration:2. Oxidation:This is a reaction where an alcohol loses a water molecule toform an alkene.For example, when ethanol is treated with an acidic catalyst,such as sulfuric acid, it undergoes dehydration to formethene (CH2=CH2) and water.ALCOHOLSIn this reaction, an alcohol is converted to either a carbonylcompound or a carboxylic acid.3. Esterification:Types of Reaction (s)For example, primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydesor carboxylic acids, while secondary alcohols can be oxidizedto ketones. Tertiary alcohols are usually not affected byoxidations4. Substitution:The conversion of an alcohol and a carboxylic acid to anester and water, in the presence of an acid catalyst.The reaction between methanol and acetic acid to formmethyl acetate: CH3OH + CH3COOH CH3COOCH3 + H2OClick to add speaker notesMESubstitution reactions in organic chemistry involve thereplacement of one atom or group of atoms with anotheratom or group of atoms in a molecule.1. Cleavage reactions:Ethers can be cleaved by strong acids, such as HBr or HI, to formalkyl halides and alcohols.2. Williamson ether synthesis:ETHERSThis is a method for the synthesis of ethers by the reaction of analkoxide ion with an alkyl halide.3. Acid-catalyzed dehydration:An ether is converted into an alkene by the elimination of a watermolecule under acidic conditions.4. Oxidation:Ethers can be oxidized with strong oxidizing agents, such asperacids or chromium reagents, to form carbonyl compounds.However, ethers are generally less prone to oxidation comparedto alcohols

The general molecular formula for alcohol is CnH2n+1OH Here n =1,2,3,4... The general molecular…

1. Dehydration: e • 2. Oxidation: ● ● ● ALCOHOLS This is a reaction where an alcohol loses a water molecule to form an alkene. For example, when ethanol is treated with an acidic catalyst, such as sulfuric acid, it undergoes dehydration to form ethene (CH2=CH2) and water. Types of Reaction(s) In this reaction, an alcohol is converted to either a carbonyl compound or a carboxylic acid. For example, primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes or carboxylic acids, while secondary alcohols can be oxidized to ketones. Tertiary alcohols are usually not affected by oxidations 3. Esterification: ● The conversion of an alcohol and a carboxylic acid to an ester and water, in the presence of an acid catalyst. The reaction between methanol and acetic acid to form methyl acetate: CH3OH + CH3COOH CH3COOCH3 + H2O 4. Substitution: . ● Substitution reactions in organic chemistry involve the replacement of one atom or group of atoms with another atom or group of atoms in a molecule. 1. Cleavage reactions: ● 2. Williamson ether synthesis: ● ● Ethers can be cleaved by strong acids, such as HBr or HI, to form alkyl halides and alcohols. 3. Acid-catalyzed dehydration: ● ETHERS ● This is a method for the synthesis of ethers by the reaction of an alkoxide ion with an alkyl halide. 4. Oxidation: An ether is converted into an alkene by the elimination of a water molecule under acidic conditions. Ethers can be oxidized with strong oxidizing agents, such as peracids or chromium reagents, to form carbonyl compounds. However, ethers are generally less prone to oxidation compared to alcohols

10th Edition

ISBN:9781305957404

Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste

Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste

Chapter1: Chemical Foundations

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...