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A:

Temperature effects on atom arrangements

Atoms are the smallest units of matter. Atoms can be subdivided into electrons, protons, and several other subatomic particles. Groups or combinations of atoms form molecules that primarily decide the property and behavior of materials. These molecules have the property to attract other molecules based on the valence electrons in the atoms' outermost orbit. An orderly arrangement of molecules is known as crystal structure, which forms the fundamental topic of concern in materials science and engineering. The arrangement of molecules is different for different materials and hence, each material exhibits different lattice arrangements. The lattice arrangements are functions of external loads, deformations, and temperature. On experiencing high temperatures or low temperatures, the behavior of the lattice arrangement of a material change.