Human Anatomy & Physiology (11th Edition)
11th Edition
ISBN:9780134580999
Author:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Publisher:Elaine N. Marieb, Katja N. Hoehn
Chapter1: The Human Body: An Orientation
Section: Chapter Questions
Problem 1RQ: The correct sequence of levels forming the structural hierarchy is A. (a) organ, organ system,...
Related questions
Question
Please answer question 1

Transcribed Image Text:1. Chapter 38 is about plant reproduction and yet it focuses mainly on angiosperms. Why? Give three reasons in your
answer.
2. Plants have the ability to reproduce asexually as well as sexually. What are some examples of how plants can use
stems, leaves and flowers as asexual modes? Why might asexual reproduction be considered more efficient for
plants?
3. Review the diagram of an angiosnorm lifo

Transcribed Image Text:(a) Basic parts of a fiower
Figure 38.3 The Basic Structures in Flowers Are High
carpels. (b) The four parts vary greatly among species.
Variable. (a) Flowers comprise sepals, petals, stamens, a
38.2 Reproductive Structures
Stigma
Each major group of plants, from mosses to angiosperms, has
a characteristic variation on the theme of alternation of gen-
erations, as well as characteristic male and female reproductive
structures (see Chapter 28). Here, though, the focus is on the
flower, found only in angiosperms.
(a) V
Carpel{ Style
Ovary
Receptacle
The General Structure of the Flower
Structurally, all flowers are variations on a theme. They are
made up of four basic organs that are essentially modified leaves:
(1) sepals, (2) petals, (3) stamens, and (4) one or more carpels.
These organs are attached to a compressed portion of stem called
the receptacle (Figure 38.3a).
Not all four organs are present in all flowers, however, and
as Figure 38.3b shows, the colors, sizes, and shapes of these four
components are fabulously diverse. Let's consider each of the
four parts, in turn.
Sepal
(b) Examples of flower diversity
Fig
inf
un
bu
Stamen
Carpel
Sepals Form an Outer, Protective Whorl Sepals are leaflike
structures that make up the outermost parts of a flower. Sepals
are usually green and photosynthetic, and they are relatively
thick compared with other parts of the flower.
Because they are attached to the receptacle in a circle or
whorled arrangement, sepals enclose the flower bud as it devel-
ops and grows-protecting young buds from damage by desic-
cation, insects, or disease-causing agents. The entire group of
sepals in the flower is collectively called the calyx.
Sepa
Petals Furnish a Visual Advertisement Like sepals, petals are
arranged around the receptacle in a whorl. Often brightly col-
ored and scented, petals function to advertise the flower to bees,
flies, hummingbirds, and other pollinators.
In some cases, the color of the petals correlates with the
visual abilities of particular animals. Bees, for example, respond
strongly to wavelengths in the blue and purple regions of the light
spectrum, as well as yellow (they don't see red well). Flowers
that attract bees, in turn, often have yellow, blue, or purple pet-
als with ultraviolet patches.
The ultraviolet regions of petals in “bee flowers" frequently
highlight the center of the flower (Figure 38.4). Why? In these
flowers, the base of the petals contains a gland called a nectary.
The nectary produces the sugar-rich fluid nectar, which many
of the animals that visit flowers harvest along with pollen. In the
process of collecting pollen or nectar, the visiting animal usu-
ally deposits on the female parts pollen from a different plant-
Sepal
Petal
accomplishing pollination.
The entire group of petals in a flower is collectively called the
corolla. In some species, the petals within the corolla vary in
size, shape, and function:
• Flattened petals may provide a landing pad for flying insects.
Petal
• Elongated, tubelike petals frequently have a nectary at their
base that can be reached only by animals with a long beak or
Sepal·
tongue-like proboscis.
• Some petals protect the reproductive organs located inside
the corolla.
and
796
UNIT 6 How Plants Work
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