1. A piston rod of an air-operated press is to exert a maximum force of 20 kN. During the application of this force, the air cylinder pressure was maintained at 700 kPa. Assuming that the piston rod length is 760 mm with its right hand end pin connected to the operating lever and the piston end is fixed end, find: a. The diameter of the rod for a safety factor of 2.5. Sy = 250 MPa; E = 200 GPa. b. The diameter of the piston rod, if piston packing friction is 10% of the maximum force.

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Buckling of columns

The column is described as a vertical member of the structure that carries an axial compressive load, and buckling is a lateral deformation of the column under the application of load.