1. A clay layer 3.66 m thick rests beneath a deposit of submerged sand 7.92 m thick. The top of the sand is located 3.05 m below the surface of a lake. The saturated unit weight of the sand is 19.62 kN/m³ and of the clay is 18.36 kN/m³. Compute (a) the total vertical pressure, (b) the pore water pressure, and (c) the effective vertical pressure at mid height of the clay layer. 3.05 m Lake 7.92 m. Submerged sand 3.66 m Clay layer Ans. a) 218.9 kN/m², b) 125.6 kN/m², c) 93.3 kN/m²

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Calculation of Settlement

The vertical displacement of the structural foundation due to the loading from the superstructure is known as settlement. It is due to the reduction of air voids present in the soil. The amount of vertical displacement depends on the bearing capacity of the soil on which the foundation is laid. The effect of the settlement depends on the magnitude of settlement, uniformity, and the structural design of the structure. The maximum allowable settlement for residential and office buildings should be less than 18 mm, for industrial buildings, it is 38 mm and for commercial buildings, it is 25 mm.