1)  When people smoke, the nicotine they absorb is converted to cotinine, which can be measured.  A sample of 40 smokers has a mean cotinine level of 172.5 ng/ml.  Assuming the σ is known to be 119.5 ng/ml, find the following: Using the information from question 1 test the claim that the mean cotinine level of all smokers is equal to 200.0 ng/ml.  Use a significance level of 0.01             a) What is the null and alternative hypothesis in words and symbols.   b) Calculate the test statistic.   c) Find both the p-value and the critical values.   d) Use the p-value method or the critical value method to state your decision. How did you reach this decision?    e) What is your formal conclusion?

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2-Proportion Test

In a 2-proportion test, two separate proportions are measured at the same time, and their similarity is evaluated. It is also known as a 2-proportion z-test, and a comparison of two different proportions is done in this method.