Classes Of Functional Groups
Organic Chemistry deals mostly with carbon and hydrogens, also called hydrocarbons, but those groups which replace hydrogen and bonds with carbon to give a characteristic nature, unique of their own, to the hydrocarbon they are attached to, are called functional groups. All the compounds belonging to a functional group undergo reactions in a similar pattern and are known to have similar physical and chemical properties.
Characteristics Of Functional Groups
In organic chemistry, we encounter a number of special substituent groups which are attached to the hydrocarbon backbone. These groups impart certain characteristics to the molecule of which it is a part of and thus, become the highlight of that particular molecule.
IUPAC Nomenclature
In Chemistry, IUPAC stands for International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry which suggested a systematic naming approach for the organic and inorganic compounds, as in the beginning stage of nomenclature one single chemical compound was named in many ways by which lead to confusion. The need for this approach aroused as the number of chemical compounds newly discovered were increasing (approximately 32 million compounds) and the basic concept of nomenclature i.e. the trivial nomenclature and the derived system of nomenclature failed to overcome the challenge. It is an important task to name a chemical compound systematically and unambiguously which reduces lots of confusion about the newly reported compounds.
Each pair of reactions, 1 and 2, will both go by the same mechanism, Sn1 or S2, say which. Explain why your choice of mechanism. Also, say which of the two in each you expect to go faster, or the same, and explain why your choice goes faster.
![### Chemical Reactions Involving Alkyl Halides
#### Substitution Reactions
1. **Reaction 1:**
- **Reactants:**
- Alkyl bromide: \[ \text{H}_3\text{C}-\text{Br} + \text{N}_3^- \]
- **Solvent:**
- Ethanol (\[ \text{EtOH} \])
- **Products:**
- Azide compound: \[ \text{CH}_3\text{N}_3 + \text{Br}^- \]
2. **Reaction 2:**
- **Reactants:**
- Alkyl bromide: \[ \text{H}_3\text{C}-\text{Br} + \text{N}_3^- \]
- **Solvent:**
- Dimethyl sulfoxide (\[ \text{DMSO} \])
- **Products:**
- Azide compound: \[ \text{CH}_3\text{N}_3 + \text{Br}^- \]
#### Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions
1. **Reaction 1:**
- **Reactants:**
- Cyclopentyl chloride \[ \text{Cl} \] compound and hydroxide ion \[ \text{OH}^- \]
- **Conditions:**
- Solvent: Acetone
- **Products:**
- Cyclopentanol (with OH group)
- Chloride ion \[ \text{Cl}^- \]
2. **Reaction 2:**
- **Reactants:**
- Cyclopentyl chloride \[ \text{Cl} \] compound and hydrogen cyanide \[ \text{HCN} \]
- **Conditions:**
- Solvent: Acetone
- **Products:**
- Nitrile compound with CN group
- Hydrochloric acid (HCl)
### Diagram Explanation
The diagram presents two sections with several chemical reactions showcasing examples of nucleophilic substitution reactions. The top section highlights two similar reactions where a bromide reacts with an azide ion in different solvents. The lower section illustrates substitution reactions involving cyclopentyl chlorides reacting with different nucleophiles leading to alcohol and nitrile products, replacing the chloride group.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2F43e319bd-a9e3-47ea-9380-e4fa6843211a%2F45cfb37e-5455-4ae0-9c25-203c5a7c5e08%2Fmnejf5h_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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