Reactive Intermediates
In chemistry, reactive intermediates are termed as short-lived, highly reactive atoms with high energy. They rapidly transform into stable particles during a chemical reaction. In specific cases, by means of matrix isolation and at low-temperature reactive intermediates can be isolated.
Hydride Shift
A hydride shift is a rearrangement of a hydrogen atom in a carbocation that occurs to make the molecule more stable. In organic chemistry, rearrangement of the carbocation is very easily seen. This rearrangement can be because of the movement of a carbocation to attain stability in the compound. Such structural reorganization movement is called a shift within molecules. After the shifting of carbocation over the different carbon then they form structural isomers of the previous existing molecule.
Vinylic Carbocation
A carbocation where the positive charge is on the alkene carbon is known as the vinyl carbocation or vinyl cation. The empirical formula for vinyl cation is C2H3+. In the vinyl carbocation, the positive charge is on the carbon atom with the double bond therefore it is sp hybridized. It is known to be a part of various reactions, for example, electrophilic addition of alkynes and solvolysis as well. It plays the role of a reactive intermediate in these reactions.
Cycloheptatrienyl Cation
It is an aromatic carbocation having a general formula, [C7 H7]+. It is also known as the aromatic tropylium ion. Its name is derived from the molecule tropine, which is a seven membered carbon atom ring. Cycloheptatriene or tropylidene was first synthesized from tropine.
Stability of Vinyl Carbocation
Carbocations are positively charged carbon atoms. It is also known as a carbonium ion.
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**Problem 8.i: Efficient Synthesis of 1-butene**
*Circle which of the following is the most efficient synthesis of 1-butene:*
a. Reaction with NaOH:
![Molecule]
Reactant: 1-butyl chloride (Cl attached to a 4-carbon chain)
b. Reaction with conc. H₂SO₄ and heat:
![Molecule]
Reactant: 1-butanol (OH attached to a 4-carbon chain)
c. Reaction with 1) TsCl, py 2) t-BuOK:
![Molecule]
Reactant: 1-butanol (OH attached to a 4-carbon chain)
d. Reaction with NaOCH₃:
![Molecule]
Reactant: Tosylate derivative (OTs attached to a 4-carbon chain)
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**Problem 8.ii: Best Reagent for Transformation**
*Circle which of the following is the best reagent to achieve the following transformation:*
Transformation: From a cyclic alkane with a bromine substituent to a cyclic alkene with an internal double bond:
a. t-BuOK
b. NaOH
c. CH₃OH
d. Conc. H₂SO₄
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These problems focus on identifying the most efficient chemical reactions and reagents for specific transformations in organic chemistry. Each reaction or reagent choice represents a different approach or mechanism to achieve the desired molecular change.](/v2/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.bartleby.com%2Fqna-images%2Fquestion%2Fde1b0e21-d3cd-43dc-b415-66f9ec437a02%2Faa4030af-819c-4a4c-8279-d19e800c51f2%2Ffxfkxyd_processed.jpeg&w=3840&q=75)
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