. For parts (a) and (b) of this problem, use the following standard reduction potentials, free energies, and nonequilibrium concentrations of reactants and products: ATP = 3.10 mM P = 5.90 mM ADP = 220 AM glucose = 5.10 mM pyruvate = 62.0 µM NAD* = 350 uM NADH = 15.0 uM CO2 = 15.0 torr half reaction E (V) NAD* + H* + 2e - NADH -0.315 2Pyruvate + 6H+ + 4e glucose -0.590 Pyruvate + NADH + 2H+ ethanol + NAD+ + CO, AG' = -64.4 kJ/mol ATP + H,0 ADP + P, + H* AG" = -32.2 kJ/mol (a) Consider the last two steps in the alcoholic fermentation of glucose by brewer's yeast: pyruvate + NADH + 2H* → ethanol + NAD+ + Co, Calculate the nonequilibrium concentration of ethanol in yeast cells, if AG = -38.3 kJ/mol for this reaction at pH = 7.4 and 37 °C when the reactants and products are at the concentrations given above. (b) Consider the degradation of glucose to pyruvate by the glycolytic pathway: glucose + 2ADP + 2P, + 2NAD* ► 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2H;0 + 2NADH + 2H* Calculate AG for this reaction at pH = 7.4 and 37 °C.

. For parts (a) and (b) of this problem, use the following standard reduction potentials, free energies, and nonequilibrium concentrations of reactants and products: ATP = 3.10 mM P = 5.90 mM ADP = 220 AM glucose = 5.10 mM pyruvate = 62.0 µM NAD* = 350 uM NADH = 15.0 uM CO2 = 15.0 torr half reaction E (V) NAD* + H* + 2e - NADH -0.315 2Pyruvate + 6H+ + 4e glucose -0.590 Pyruvate + NADH + 2H+ ethanol + NAD+ + CO, AG' = -64.4 kJ/mol ATP + H,0 ADP + P, + H* AG" = -32.2 kJ/mol (a) Consider the last two steps in the alcoholic fermentation of glucose by brewer's yeast: pyruvate + NADH + 2H* → ethanol + NAD+ + Co, Calculate the nonequilibrium concentration of ethanol in yeast cells, if AG = -38.3 kJ/mol for this reaction at pH = 7.4 and 37 °C when the reactants and products are at the concentrations given above. (b) Consider the degradation of glucose to pyruvate by the glycolytic pathway: glucose + 2ADP + 2P, + 2NAD* ► 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2H;0 + 2NADH + 2H* Calculate AG for this reaction at pH = 7.4 and 37 °C.

Chemistry

10th Edition

ISBN:9781305957404

Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste

Publisher:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCoste

Chapter1: Chemical Foundations

Section: Chapter Questions

Problem 1RQ: Define and explain the differences between the following terms. a. law and theory b. theory and...

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