►). A solid shaft for a cement kiln made from mild steel must be 96 cm long and must survive continuous operation for one year with an applied load of 12,500 kg. The shaft makes one revolution per minute during operation. The maintenance policy establishes that the shaft will be replaced during annual shutdown to avoid (or to reduce the likelihood of) unexpected downtime (e.g., failures due to fatigue). Design a shaft that will meet the reliability requirements of one-year operation without failure by determining the minimum rod diameter required. Make a preliminary specification of the type of bearings used in this application (no calculation required) and explain why your selection. What is the horsepower required for the applied load? What is the approximate friction horsepower loss in the bearing (use the calculated rod diameter) subject to the applied load? (Images source: Google)

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Combined Loading

Any functioning component, such as machine parts, structural members, pressure vessels, and so on, are all under the influence of more than one force. When anybody is under the influence of more than one force such as shear forces, bending moments, axial forces, torsion, and so on, then such body is said to be under combined loading. A very practical example of combined loading is the crankshaft of an internal combustion engine (IC engine). The crankshaft of the IC engine is under high rpm, which is caused due to the torsional forces. Due to the presence of piston, counterbalances, and internal imbalances, the crankshaft experiences lateral forces and due to the rise in temperature, the crankshaft undergoes thermal expansion, which pulls the crankshaft along the axial direction and lateral direction. The presence of unbalanced loads along the periphery of the crankshaft also induces a bending moment.