Exam _4 Practice Items

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1 Chapter 11 Multiple Choice Questions Test Bank 1s. The simplest possible kind of true experiment is ______. A) a one-group design B) a two-groups design C) a one-way design D) a 2  2 factorial design 2s. The major limitation of one-way experimental designs is that they only allow researchers to look at one ______ at a time. A) independent variable B) dependent variable C) control group D) treatment condition 3s. Cathryn conducted an experiment that involved administering an antianxiety drug to people with a history of generalized anxiety disorder. Participants received 0 mg, 50 mg, or 100 mg of the drug. Which participants probably received a placebo? A) those in the 50 mg condition B) those in the 100 mg condition C) those in the 0 mg condition D) no groups; with more than two groups there is no need for a placebo condition 4s. How many cells (i.e., how many unique experimental conditions) are there in a 2  2  3 completely between- subjects factorial experiment? A) 6 B) 7 C) 12 D) There is no way to tell without knowing more about the design. 5s. In the Gilbert et al. (1988) study of causal attribution discussed in the text, the researchers independently manipulated cognitive load (low vs. high) and discussion topics (anxiety provoking vs. relaxing). Thus, the design of this study was ______. A) a one-way, four-groups design B) a Latin square factorial C) a mixed-model design D) a 2  2 factorial design 6s. In a 2  2 factorial study, what is the maximum number of main effects that you could possibly observe? A) one B) two C) three D) four 7s . If you overheard a researcher say that “each of the three possible main effects in my study was significant,” you could conclude that the analysis the researcher had conducted was ______. A) a one-way, three-groups ANOVA B) a two-way ANOVA C) a three-way ANOVA D) a planned comparison

2 8s. Is it possible for a statistical analysis to yield three main effects in a 2  2 factorial study? A) no, because there are only two independent variables B) no, because there are only two cells in such a design C) yes, but only if the test for an interaction is significant D) yes, but only if the test for an interaction is not significant 9s. If you plotted the results of a factorial study using lines whose slopes represent mean differences across different experimental conditions, the presence of a statistical interaction would show up in the form of ______. A) lines that are separated by a statistically significant distance B) lines that generally slope upward C) lines that generally slope downward D) nonparallel lines 10s. Consider the findings of the hypothetical study of plant growth summarized below (and in your text): Amount of Sunlight Received Amount of Water Received Low High Row Means Low 22.4 25.6 24.0 High 10.8 37.2 24.0 Column means 16.6 31.4 This study appears to have yielded ______. A) only a main effect of sunlight B) only a main effect of water C) both a main effect of sunlight and a Sunlight  Water interaction D) both a main effect of water and a Sunlight  Water interaction 11s. A disordinal interaction is the same as ______. A) a crossover interaction B) a spreading interaction C) a two-way interaction D) an interaction and two significant main effects 12s. When an effect exists at one level of a second independent variable but is weaker or nonexistent at a different level of the second independent variable, the observed pattern is referred to as a ______. A) crossover interaction B) spreading interaction C) simple main effect D) factorial 13s. Simple effects tests are conducted to ______. A) figure out the exact nature of a significant interaction B) determine whether an apparent interaction is statistically significant C) find out if an interaction replicates in a subset of a larger sample D) determine if a lack of an interaction is due to a lack of statistical power

3 14s. In comparison with purely between-subjects experimental designs, one drawback of purely within-subjects experimental designs is that ______. A) they usually do not do as good a job of controlling for individual differences B) they require the use of matching, which is very difficult to perform effectively C) they open the door to problems such as sequence effects or carryover effects D) they are usually more costly and time-consuming than between-subjects designs 15s. According to the text, carryover effects are best controlled by ______. A) reducing the number of conditions B) making experimental tasks as brief as possible C) varying the order of presentation of conditions D) avoiding tasks that interfere with performance on a subsequent task 16s. Maurice conducted a 2  2 completely within-subjects experiment. He counterbalanced all of his within- subjects conditions by making use of 24 different orders. If he used 24 different orders, which form of counterbalancing must he have used? A) reverse counterbalancing B) an ideal Latin square C) randomized comprehensive counterbalancing D) complete counterbalancing 17s. A Latin square is one specific example of ______. A) ideal counterbalancing B) partial counterbalancing C) complete counterbalancing D) reverse counterbalancing 18s. To find out whether participants figured out what was being manipulated in an experiment, an experimenter is most likely to use a ______ immediately after participants have completed the study. A) post-manipulation interview B) feedback protocol C) manipulation check D) structured debriefing 19s. A counterbalancing technique that guarantees that the average serial position of any given condition in a study is exactly the same for all the unique conditions is known as ______.: A) reverse counterbalancing B) partial counterbalancing C) structured debriefing D) serial position counterbalancing 20s. A design that incorporates both within-subjects and between-subjects enactments of independent variables is known as a ______. A) Latin square B) mixed-model design C) pseudo-experiment D) counterbalancing technique

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4 Chapter 12 Multiple Choice Questions Test Bank 1s. People who have no formal training in statistics are much more familiar with ______ than with ______. A) inferential statistics; descriptive statistics B) descriptive statistics; inferential statistics C) parametric statistics; nonparametric statistics D) the Bhagavad Gita; any kind of statistics 2s. Statistics are ______. A) a set of mathematical procedures for summarizing and interpreting observations B) a set of mathematical formulas for determining the meaning of research findings C) a branch of mathematics having to do with the probabilities of outcomes D) a precise, mathematical form of reasoning 3s. The technical term for what statistics help us summarize and interpret is ______. A) rational numbers B) distributions C) conclusions D) data 4s. Measures of dispersion provide information about ______. A) the most frequently occurring score in a distribution B) the middle score in a distribution C) the variability of the scores in a distribution D) the average of the scores in a distribution 5s. If you were to graph the six possible scores that can be obtained by rolling a single six-sided die, what type of distribution would you have? A) normal distribution B) rectangular distribution C) bimodal distribution D) none of these 6s. Which of the following is an inferential rather than a descriptive statistic? A)  B) standard deviation C) median D) mean 7s. Which of the following is a measure of dispersion? A)  B) standard deviation C) median D) mean 8s. Based on your conceptual knowledge of what a standard deviation is, which of the following is the standard deviation of the scores 2, 2, 4, and 4? A) 1 B) 2

5 C) 3 D) 4 9s. Which set of scores below has the largest standard deviation? A) 2, 2, 2, 4, 4, 4 B) 1, 8, 55, 73, 96 C) 4.0, 4.1, 3.9, 4.0, 4.1 D) 588.5, 588.4, 590.6, 592.5, 590.0 10s. Most of the things that psychologists measure in their research approximate a ______ distribution. A) bimodal B) normal C) rectangular D) modal 11s. If a set of scores is normally distributed, then about ______ of the scores should fall within one standard deviation from the mean. A) a quarter B) half C) 2/3 D) 90% 12s. The probability of rolling a 3 on a single roll with an unbiased six-sided die is ______. A) 1/3 B) 1/1 C) 1/2 D) 1/6 13s. If two fair coins are flipped, what is the probability both coins will turn up heads? A) .25 B) .50 C) .33 D) .17 14s. When computing inferential statistics, we usually want to know the likelihood of getting results ______. A) exactly like those we observed--based on chance B) as extreme as or more extreme than those we observed--based on chance C) as significant as ours--based on chance D) exactly like ours if the null hypothesis is false 15s. How many total unique outcomes (unique patterns such as a H,H,T…) are there for a series of 10 fair coin tosses? A) 2  10 = 20 unique outcomes B) 102 = 100 unique outcomes C) 22  102 = 400 unique outcomes D) 2 10 = 1,024 unique outcomes 16s. If the critical value of a  2 statistic were 3.841, and the  2 value you obtained in a statistical analysis of your data were 6.89, this would mean that ______.

6 A) your results were statistically significant B) your results were not statistically significant C) you would be allowed to conduct a follow-up test on your results D) you would be allowed to reduce your  level to avoid a Type I error 17s. Committing a Type I error means ______. A) you accept the null hypothesis when it is actually false B) you reject the null hypothesis when it is actually true C) your effect size is not large enough D) your experiment is not replicable 18s. If it is impossible to conduct a within-subjects design within a certain experiment, what else can the researcher do to detect a real effect? A) choose a higher  level B) design a new experiment from scratch C) increase the sample size D) effect size isn’t important, so nothing needs to be d one 19s. Increasing the number of _______ in a study is one of the best ways to increase the chances of detecting a real effect. A) participants B) dependent variables C) controls D) manipulations 20s. According to the text, a good way to avoid Type II errors is to ______. A) word the dependent measures carefully B) make sure that the independent variables are meaningful C) choose the right population D) all of these Chapter 13 (APA Writing) Multiple Choice Questions Test Bank 1s. The hourglass approach to writing research papers is a technique for ______. A) determining how much time to spend on different parts of a manuscript B) avoiding writer’s block by giving yourself deadlines in bits and pieces C) quickly generating a first draft of a paper before making subsequent revisions D) structuring and organizing an empirical research paper 2s. In the introduction to an empirical research paper, one should ______. A) open broadly, become specific, and then become broad again B) open specifically, become broad, and then become more specific again C) include periodic reminders of your specific research hypothesis D) gradually become more specific as you build your argument

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7 3s. Which of the following is most appropriate to include in the Results section of a research paper? A) citations of the source of any dependent measures used in the research B) a detailed justification of what happened to participants in all conditions of the study C) the results of specific statistical tests D) all of the above (A –C) should be included in one’s Results section 4s. A well-written Method section provides all the necessary information that would allow readers to ______ a study. A) statistically analyze B) criticize C) accept D) replicate 5s. According to the text, writers can often increase the clarity of their writing by ______. A) avoiding the use of parallel constructions B) making use of parallel constructions C) avoiding the use of split infinitives D) making use of split infinitives 6s. Which of the following is true regarding labeling research hypotheses with numbers? A) It does not add clarity. B) It is advisable since it omits unnecessary words. C) Readers usually appreciate the labels. 7s. The advice to be cautious in writing research reports refers to ______. A) replicating your results to be sure they are reliable before trying to publish B) being careful about the conclusions you draw from your research findings C) sticking very close to the research methods used by others to study a topic D) reporting only results that prove to be statistically significant 8s. Results revealed that the sociologists ( M = 4.34, SD = 1.51) were lower than the psychologists ( M = 5.29, SD = 1.57) in terms of self-esteem, t (119) = – 14.84, p < .001. What rule of good writing does this sentence violate? A) being coherent B) being correct C) being concise D) being easy on the eyes 9s. According to the text, what should writers do to produce concise research papers? A) avoid ever saying the same thing twice B) make use of abbreviations C) omit needless words D) all of these 10s. Authors who overuse quotations violate the rule of good writing known as ______. A) being original B) having a voice C) looking forward D) being assertive 11s. A good way to be gender neutral in scientific writing is to ______.

8 A) write in the pluperfect B) write in the plural C) use gender neutral phrases such as “he/she” or “him or her” D) use hypotheticals 14s. One of the most important functions of an abstract in an empirical research paper is to let readers know ______. A) what the primary research hypothesis was B) what should come next in a line of research C) where a study fits in the history of a research problem D) the methodological details of a study (e.g., the sample size, specific measures used) 15s. According to the text, good scientific writing differs from good fiction or poetry in that good scientific writing needs to be highly ______. A) accessible B) technical C) concise D) predictable 16s. Which of the following is included (under the “Discussion” category) in the checklist of concerns for empirical research papers? A) a discussion of the scope of the research B) a discussion of how the work fits with findings from “sister fields” such as so ciology or medicine C) a discussion of the theoretical implications of the research D) a discussion of the external validity of the research 20s. In addition to summarizing requirements for specific portions of a research paper such as “Introduction” and “Results,” the checklist for writing an empirical research paper also includes a section called “Paper as a whole,” which includes points such as “Coherence” and ______. A) Citations B) Abstract C) APA-style D) Predictability