METHSAMPLER (1)2023

Methods Subjects: There is a total of participants (N=50) in this study, half Australian citizens and the other half United states citizens. The genders, ages, and cultural backgrounds of participants are unknown. The participants are divided into two groups. Group A consists of citizens of the United States and group B consists of citizens of Australia. Procedure: This is a descriptive and cross-cultural comparison study that involved convenience and purposive sampling. A statistical and t-test calculator was used for this study. Archival data from the World Value Survey was used to determine the results. The World Value Survey is 20 pages long, but this research analysis is based on one question, Q123. Regarding question 123, Participants from both group A and group B were asked to agree or disagree if immigration strengthens cultural diversity in their country. This was based on a 0-2 scale, with 0 standing for disagreeing and 2 standing for agreeing. Both groups of participants were given the WVS, and the results were compared to come up with a conclusion. Instrumentation: The World Value Survey was used to provide a continuous measure of perception of immigration and cultural diversity among the participants. The WVS is a 20-page questionnaire that is semi-interviewed based. The WVS wave 7 2017-2018 is credited to Haerpfer, C., Inglehart, R., Moreno, A., Welzel, C., Kizilova, K., Diez-Mendrano J., M. Lagos, P. Norris, E. Ponarin and B. Puranen et al. in developing the revised version in 2020. Some questions throughout the WVS are based on a four-point scale but Q123 is based on a two-point scale. On the two-point scale, 0 stands for disagreeing, 1 for hard to say, and 2 for agree. Mean item scores range from 0-2, with higher scores leading to a higher level of agreement, and vice-versa. Question 123 asks participants if immigration strengthens cultural diversity. See Appendix A. Results T-tests and descriptive statistical data were used to analyze the data of this study. Table 1 shows the descriptive statistics for group A, participants from the United States. Table 2 shows the statistics for group B, participants from Australia. After group A took the WVS, it was found that the mean of these participants' scores was 1.68. After Group B took the WVS, it was found that the mean of the participant's scores was 1.84. Overall, in group B, the group of participants from Australia scored higher than group A, participants from the United States. This means that Group B agrees more that immigration strengthens cultural diversity in their country than Group A. The T-value results are measured on a two-tailed .05 test. Resulting in -0.86, meaning there is no significant difference in the results. The hypothesis was supported in this study. There being no significance could be due to the limitations of the small sample size and scale. Similarly, Varela, et al., (2013) conducted a study that resulted in similar findings. As stated earlier Americans score high with negative attitudes towards both immigration and immigrants, white Americans also scored higher on blind patriotism, realist threat, symbolic threat, and anti-immigration (Willis-Esqueda, Delgado, and Pedroza, 2017). When it comes to Australia's prior research finds that 1.5- and second-generation immigrants find it difficult to infuse their original culture and identify with Australia's new culture (Sonn, Agung-Igusti, Jayawardana, and Keast, 2022). 1

Table 1- Group A: United States Count 25 Sum 42 Mean (Average) 1.68 Median 2 Mode 2, appeared 21 times Largest 2 Smallest 0 Range 2 Geometric Mean 0 Standard Deviation 0.73321211119293 Variance 0.5376 Sample Standard Deviation 0.74833147735479 Sample Variance 0.56 Table 2- Group B: Australia Count 25 Sum 42 2

N 2 : 25 df 2 = N - 1 = 25 - 1 = 24 M 2 : 1.84 SS 2 : 7.36 s 2 2 = SS 2 /( N - 1) = 7.36/(25-1) = 0.31 T-value Calculation s 2 p = (( df 1 /( df 1 + df 2 )) * s 2 1 ) + (( df 2 /( df 2 + df 2 )) * s 2 2 ) = ((24/48) * 0.56) + ((24/48) * 0.31) = 0.43 s 2 M1 = s 2 p / N 1 = 0.43/25 = 0.02 s 2 M2 = s 2 p / N 2 = 0.43/25 = 0.02 t = ( M 1 - M 2 )/√( s 2 M1 + s 2 M2 ) = -0.16/√0.03 = -0.86 4

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