Article Analysis 3_Worksheet

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Michael Mireles Psychology 10 UID:605621303 Ar#cle Analysis 3 Note: The format for AA3 is a li?le different from the typical arDcle analysis. Answer the quesDons below in 1-2 sentences. Watch the following video of the marshmallow task: h?ps://www.youtube.com/watch? v=Yo4WF3cSd9Q Read the highlighted secDons of the Mischel et al., (1989) review paper. This paper combines the findings from a number of studies that Mischel et al., conducted using the marshmallow test. Please answer the ques#ons below based on the sec#ons we have highlighted in yellow (of course you can read the whole paper if you're interested!). Methods 1) Based on the video and paper, provide a general descripDon of the methodology (i.e., describe what happens in the marshmallow task). Based on the video and paper, the general methodology involves delayed gra#fica#on. The marshmallow experiment presented 1 marshmallow for each 4 year old to eat. However, if they wait a certain period of #me, they may receive 2 marshmallows. 2) In Mischel et al., 1989, where do they say that their sample was recruited from? The sample preschool children were recruited from the Stanford University community. Results 3) List 2 of the things that Mischel et al found that “waiDng” for the marshmallow (or other treat) predicted 10 (or more) years later? The first thing that resulted from “wai#ng” was the increased growth of competence and skillfulness. The second thing that that Mischel found was the discipline and heightened performance on tests like the SAT. Discussion Other studies have suggested that there are limitaDons to the generalizability of these findings. The predicDve power of the marshmallow test seems to depend the sample of children who are tested. Whether children wait for the marshmallow might also depend on how the test is conducted (i.e., whether the experimenter is perceived as trustworthy). Find one peer reviewed journal arDcle that demonstrates that there are limitaDons to the generalizability of these findings. You can use Google or the PsychInfo database to find your arDcle. There are a number of newspaper or popular press arDcles on this topic, you can use these to help you find a research paper, but make sure you cite and read the actual research paper and not the popular press arDcle that was wri?en based on it.

4) Provide the APA style citaDon for the arDcle Gill, D. (2021). New Study Disavows Marshmallow Test's PredicAve Powers - UCLA Anderson Review. Retrieved 5 March 2022, from hKps://anderson-review.ucla.edu/new- study-disavows-marshmallow-tests-predicAve-powers/ Ques#on What was the research quesDon being asked by this study? If you have two kids who have the same background environment, they get the same kind of paren#ng, they are the same ethnicity, same gender, they have a similar home environment, they have similar early cogni#ve ability, then if one of them is able to delay gra#fica#on, and the other one isn’t, does that maRer? Methods What were the methods? The First method involved in this study included the “correla#on to causa#on” aspect of the marshmallow test. A psychology professor from NYU worked with a team to analyze data from the US Na#onal Ins#tutes of Health in the 90s with a sample size of over 900 four year old children. They tested the diversity and educa#on level with the children’s family. Another variable included in the experiment was the child’s social and economic background which in turn, shows what’s behind the child’s long term success. The last part of the study that was tested included the disproval of willpower. The goal is to prove that willpower is an overrated aRribute for linking discipline and success. Results What were the important results? The results are in the same order of the methods involved in this study. As soon as the researchers controlled for factors such as family background, the correla#on between self- control at age 4 and SAT scored at age 15 changed. The child’s socio-economic background has the largest impact on their future which is why these researchers concluded that we should stop scolding children who seem to be impa#ent. It is a sign of uncertainty about the future. Lastly, they they came up with alterna#ves for willpower not being the answer to self-control which includes; turning “have to” into “want to”, building beRer habits, and managing tempta#ons. This designs an environment to build habits which make it easier to s#ck to the child’s resolu#ons. 6) Now we’re going to have you work backward to write a limitaDon for Walter Mischel’s studies based on the arDcle you found. In a few sentences provide a clear jusDficaDon for why generalizability is a limitaDon in this work. Give a concrete example of populaDon in which we might not find the same relaDonship between waiDng for the marshmallow and long-term

outcomes. Or give an example of a situaDon in which waiDng for the marshmallow might depend on characterisDcs of the test itself. Generalizability is a limita#on because it is usually based on assessment of a mainstream popula#on, but it may not apply to groups outside of the mainstream. Also, it is stated that wai#ng out tempta#on for a later reward is largely a middle or upper class behavior so this doesn’t apply to all group of people.

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