Independent-Samples t - Video Games - Worksheet for Lab
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Kennesaw State University *
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Apr 3, 2024
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SPSS Lab
: Independent-Samples
t
- Video Games [
Training
] Copy the SPSS output for each of your analyses and paste it into this worksheet in the designated spaces. This will make it much easier for you to answer the questions. Before or after you complete the quiz based on this lab, you must submit this worksheet to the assignment folder designated for the Independent-Samples t
Labs. EXPERIMENT ONE Dr. Johnson wanted to know whether attention span is different in children who play video games extensively than in children who never play video games. She selected a sample from the population of children who regularly played video games and a sample from the population of children those who never play video games. She obtained the following data using a standard test of attention span in children.
1.
Using SPSS compute the appropriate test on the data from Experiment 1. Paste the output below as indicated. Paste the Group Statistics output here:
Group Statistics
groups
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error Mean
Attention span
video
10
25.10
2.961
.936
No video
10
22.10
3.035
.960
2.
Give the M
and SD
for each group:
Video
No Video
M (Experiment 1)
25.10
22.10
SD (Experiment 1)
2.961
3.035
Video
No Video
24
20
20
18
29
25
22
22
25
28
28
22
29
24
24
19
26
20
24
23
SPSS Lab
: Independent-Samples
t
- Video Games [
Training
] Paste the Independent Samples Test output here:
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances
t-test for Equality of Means
F
Sig.
t
df
Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean Difference
Std. Error Difference
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower
Upper
Attention span
Equal variances assumed
0.000
1.000
2.237
18
.038
3.000
1.341
.183
5.817
Equal variances not assumed
2.237
17.989
.038
3.000
1.341
.183
5.817
With alpha set at .05, write a conclusion based on these SPSS results. Be sure to report the appropriate statistic in APA style
. Children who play video games had a longer attention span (M = 25.10) than those who do not play video games (M = 22.10), t(18) = 2.24, p =.038.
SPSS Lab
: Independent-Samples
t
- Video Games [
Training
] EXPERIMENT TWO
Dr. Smith wanted to replicate the previous study. He recruited a new sample of children from the population of kids who regularly play video games and a new sample of children from the population of those who never played video games. He obtained the following attention-span data:
Using SPSS compute the appropriate test on the data from Experiment 2. Paste the output below as indicated. Paste the Group Statistics output here:
Group Statistics
groups
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error Mean
Attention span
video
10
25.10
4.557
1.441
No video
10
22.10
3.348
1.059
3. Give the M
and SD
for each group:
Video
No Video
M (Experiment 2)
25.10
22.10
SD (Experiment 2)
4.557
3.348
4. The difference between the means in Experiment 1 is _________ the difference between the means in Experiment 2.
a.
less than
b.
greater than
c.
the same as
5. The variability in Experiment 1 is _________ the variability in Experiment 2.
a.
less than b.
greater than
c.
the same as
Video
No Video
21
17
20
21
32
25
19
22
25
28
28
22
32
24
24
22
26
17
24
23
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SPSS Lab
: Independent-Samples
t
- Video Games [
Training
] 6a. Given your answer to numbers 4 and 5, the results of Experiment 2 are _________ to be significant compared to the results of Experiment 1? a.
less likely b.
more likely
c.
equally likely
6b. Why? How will the numerator and denominator of the t
-obtained formula be affected by the answers to questions 4 and 5? When you make comparisons between the two experiments, clearly identify which experiment you are referring to.
The test statistic's scale increases when the variance or standard error is reduced. Given that experiment 2's standard deviations are higher than experiment 1's, experiment 2's denominator for the obtained formula will also be higher, which
will result in a lower t value.
Paste the Independent Samples Test output here:
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances
t-test for Equality of Means
F
Sig.
t
df
Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean Difference
Std. Error Difference
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower
Upper
Attention span
Equal variances assumed
1.177
.292
1.678
18
.111
3.000
1.788
-.757
6.757
Equal variances not assumed
1.678
16.524
.112
3.000
1.788
-.781
6.781
7. With alpha set at .05, write a conclusion based on these SPSS results. Be sure to report the appropriate statistic in APA style
. Children who play video games had the same attention span (M = 25.10) as those who did not play video games
(M = 21.10), t(18) = 2.24, p = .038.
SPSS Lab
: Independent-Samples
t
- Video Games [
Training
] EXPERIMENT THREE Dr. Zip wanted to replicate the previous study once again. She selected a new sample of children from the population of kids who regularly play video games and a new sample of children from the population of kids who never played video games. She obtained the following attention-span data: Using SPSS compute the appropriate test on the data from Experiment
3
. Paste the output below as indicated. Paste the Group Statistics output here:
Group Statistics
groups
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Std. Error Mean
Attention span
video
10
27.10
2.961
.936
No video
10
24.10
3.035
.960
8. Give the M
and SD
for each group.
Video
No Video
M (Experiment 3)
27.10
24.10
SD (Experiment 3)
2.96
.936
9. The difference between the means in Experiment 1 is _________ the difference between the means in Experiment 3
.
a.
less than b.
greater than
c.
the same as
10. The variability in Experiment 1 is _________ the variability in Experiment 3
.
a.
less than Video
No Video
26
22
22
20
31
27
24
24
27
30
30
24
31
26
26
21
28
22
26
25
SPSS Lab
: Independent-Samples
t
- Video Games [
Training
] b.
greater than
c.
the same as
11a. Given your answer to numbers 9 and 10, the results of Experiment 3 are _________ to be significant compared
to the results of Experiment 1? a.
less likely b.
more likely
c.
equally likely
11b. Why? How will the numerator and denominator of the t
-obtained formula be affected by the answers to questions 9 and 10? When you make comparisons between the two experiments, clearly identify which experiment you are referring to. The same reasoning as in experiment 2 explains why the variation in variability in experiment 3 from experiment 1 affects
the t-obtained formula. The value of the t score will fall as a result of the increased variability since it will raise the denominator of the t-obtained formula.
12. The difference between the means in Experiment 2 is _________ the difference between the means in Experiment 3
.
a.
less than b.
greater than
c.
the same as
13. The variability in Experiment 2 is _________ the variability in Experiment 3
.
a.
less than b.
greater than
c.
the same as
14a. Given your answer to numbers 12 and 13, the results of Experiment 3 are _________ to be significant compared to the results of Experiment 2? a.
less likely b.
more likely
c.
equally likely
14b. Why? How will the numerator and denominator of the t
-obtained formula be affected by the answers to questions 12 and 13? When you make comparisons between the two experiments, clearly identify which experiment you are referring to. Because experiment 3's variability is smaller than experiment 2's, the formula's denominator is lower, which leads to a higher calculation.
Paste the Independent Samples Test output here:
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances
t-test for Equality of Means
F
Sig.
t
df
Sig. (2-
tailed)
Mean Difference
Std. Error Difference
95% Confidence
Interval of the
Difference
Lower
Upper
Attention span
Equal variances assumed
.000
1.000
2.237
18
.038
3.000
1.341
.183
5.817
Equal variances 2.237
17.989
.038
3.000
1.341
.183
5.817
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SPSS Lab
: Independent-Samples
t
- Video Games [
Training
] not assumed
With alpha set at .05, write a conclusion based on these SPSS results. Be sure to report the appropriate statistic in APA style
. Children who play video games (M = 27.10) were different than those who did not play video games (M = 24.10), t(18) = 2.24, p = .038.
SPSS Lab
: Independent-Samples
t
- Video Games [
Training
] What I want you to take away from this lab:
The results of Experiment 3 are more likely to be significant than the results of Experiment 2 because there is more variability in Experiment 2, and the other aspects the t
-obtained formula are substantially the same in both
experiments.
This lab should have made clear to you that changing one component of the t
-obtained formula could change whether the result is or is not signficant.
When you hold all other inputs constant (keep them the same), but change just one input to the formula by making it smaller or larger, you change the result (in this case, t
-obtained).
If the input you change is in the numerator of the formula (as is the difference between the means of the two groups), then making that input larger (having a greater difference between the mean scores in the two groups being compared) will increase the size of the resulting t
-obtained.
If the input you change is in the denominator of the formula (as is the standard error, which is a measure of the variability of the scores in both groups), then making that input larger will decrease the size of the resulting
t
-
obtained.
Besides the changes demonstrated in the experiments in this lab, you could also affect the size of t
-obtained by changing the size of the samples. In this lab, both groups were n
= 10 in all three experiments. We could, however, have changed the size of the samples, and we would have found that when keeping the other inputs the same, but changing the sample size, the size of the standard error would have changed.
If we had increased the size of the sample, while keeping the difference between the means of the groups the same and keeping the SD the same, the resulting
t
-obtained would have increased. That's because the formula for standard error takes account of the sample size as well as the SD. If SD is the same, then increasing sample size would decrease the standard error, and decreasing the sample size would increase the standard error.
So, when you consider what could increase the t
-obtained result for an independent-samples t
test, remember:
a bigger difference between the means of the two groups
a smaller amount of variability, however measured (smaller SE, SD, or variance)
a larger sample size (
n
), which reduces the size of the SE given a particular SD
SPSS Lab
: Independent-Samples
t
- Video Games [
Training
] Results Section
In this question, you are going to submit a properly formatted results section based on Experiment 3
. Below, I have provided you a template that forms the basis of a simple results section for an independent-samples t
test. You are expected to write a complete paragraph using the exact wording provided
. In those locations where number signs (
##
) are placed, you should substitute the correct values and round them to the appropriate number of decimal places
. In locations where choices are given as to which word(s) should be used, use only the appropriate word(s) and leave out the other choices
. For example, if the passage showed they ate less/the same/more food
, and the results were that they ate less food, then this part of the results should read: they ate less food
. You will be graded based on putting the correct numbers and words in the correct locations and on using the correct
formatting (rounding, spacing, punctuation, italics). You will lose one point for each error
. Data were analyzed using SPSS (Version ##
) statistical software. An independent-samples t
test compared the attention span of a sample of children who regularly played video games to a sample who never played video games. There was a significant
/
no difference between the video sample (
M
= ##
, SD
= ##
) and the no video sample (
M
= ##
, SD
= ##
), t
(
##
) = ##
, p
= ##
. Thus, children who played video games had shorter
/
the same
/
longer attention spans than
/
as children who never played video games.
I recommend that you copy the results paragraph and paste it below, then replace the ## symbols with the correct numbers (rounded correctly, too!). Then remove words that don’t belong, leaving only the ones that do (i.e., if the result is significant, then remove the “
/
no” following “
a significant” in the third sentence. When you are finished, please read through the whole paragraph to make sure you didn’t omit any words or numbers or leave any words behind that shouldn’t be there. Then you can copy it and paste it into the results question on the quiz version of the lab. Once there, please check that your italicized symbols are still italicized. Sometimes, the formatting is not retained when you paste it into D2L.
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SPSS Lab
: Independent-Samples
t
- Video Games [
Training
] Data were analyzed using SPSS (Version 29
) statistical software. An independent-samples t
test compared the attention span of a sample of children who regularly played video games to a sample who never played video games. There was a significant difference between the video sample (
M
= 27.10
, SD
= 2.96
) and the no video sample (
M
= 24.10
, SD
= 0.97
), t
(
18
) = 2.24
, p
= .04
. Thus, children who played video games had longer attention spans than children who never played video games.
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