ENV 220 Creating Graphs

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Fayetteville Technical Community College *

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220

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Statistics

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Apr 3, 2024

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pdf

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1 ENV 220 Creating Graphs Template Overview For this assignment, you will generate two graphs (a scatter plot and a line graph). Scientists use several tools for statistical analysis of environmental data, including R, Python, Microsoft Excel, and more. In this course, you will be using Microsoft Excel as the tool for graphing and analyzing environmental data. You will also answer questions related to each graph that you create. These assignments are part of critically analyzing data and data-collection techniques for integrity and quality. You will perform your own data analysis when completing your final project. Activity One You work for the South Dakota Game and Fish Department. You and your colleagues were tasked with determining the mule deer fawn recruitment rate—the percentage of fawns to does that survive through the fall and are, therefore, successfully recruited into the deer population. The data you have collected are in Table 1 below. Enter the data below into an Excel spreadsheet. Then create a graph representing the data and answer the questions below. Population Size (Thousands of Deer) Mule Deer Fawn Recruitment Rate (%) 10.798 .16 10.000 .18 12.000 .25 10.987 .26 10.800 .26 11.000 .27 9.200 .25 9.000 .26 10.000 .30 9.300 .34 8.800 .34 7.700 .36 6.900 .36 5.000 .35 4.800 .37 6.600 .44 3.300 .45 6.000 .48 6.900 .49 7.000 .43 Table 4.1: South Dakota Mule Deer Data Graph Data Graph the data in an appropriate graphical format with a trendline through the data, the line equation, and the R-squared value (coefficient of determination) on the chart.

2 Label Graph Label the graph, including all axes, a detailed title, and a trendline and correlation coefficient. Insert your mule deer recruitment vs population size graph below. Questions 1. What does the correlation coefficient measure? Strength of a linear relationship between variables. 2. What absolute value signifies a strong correlation? The absolute value has to be greater than .7 to be considered a strong correlation. 3. What does a negative correlation signify? There is an imbalance between the variables. One will be increasing while the other decreases and vice-versa. 4. What does a positive correlation signify? There is a direct relation between the variables. They’ll be moving in the same direction. 5. Calculate the correlation coefficient (r)? (r)= -0.7792772 Calculated in excel 6. What does the correlation coefficient you calculated say about the strength of the relationship between population size and mule deer recruitment rate? (Use the table below to help you quantify the strength of the relationship.) Absolute Value of r Strength of Correlation < 0.3 Weak 0.3-0.7 Moderate y = -0.0306x + 0.5844 R² = 0.6073 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Mule Deer Fawn Recruitment Rate (%) Population Size (Thousands of Deer) Mule Deer Fawn Recruitment Rate vs. Population Size

3 Absolute Value of r Strength of Correlation > 0.7 Strong Table 4.2: Strength of Correlation The correlation coefficient seems to be strong between the population size and mule deer recruitment rate. 7. When you square the correlation coefficient, meaning you multiply the correlation coefficient by itself, you end up with the coefficient of determination (R 2 ). This number is always between 0 and 1. It measures how much of the variance exists in the dependent variable (recruitment rate) that can be explained by the independent variable (the population size). The correlation of determination is displayed on your graph as R 2 and represents a percentage. What is your coefficient of determination? 0.60727298 8. What does the coefficient of determination tell you about your data? There is a moderate strength between the variables. 9. In your graph, does your data show a positive or negative correlation? Negative correlation 10. What does that say about the relationship between population size and mule deer recruitment rate? While one variable is increasing, the other is decreasing. Activity Two You are an ecologist studying algal biomass during eutrophication events. Eutrophication occurs when an excessive amount of nutrients enters a water body, frequently due to runoff, and causes a rapid growth of plants and algae, which leads to a shortage of oxygen in the water and the die-off of other aquatic organisms. You want to determine how the amount of nitrogen in micrograms per liter (µg/L) in the aquatic environment affects algal biomass represented by grams (dry weight) per liter (g-dw/L). You perform a lab-based study using the following nitrogen concentrations (500, 1500, 2500, 5000 micrograms per liter (µg/L)) and collect the following data. Use Excel to calculate the mean and standard deviation. Then complete the table. Time (Day) Nitrogen (Micrograms per Liter (µg/L)) Algal Biomass (Grams (Dry Weight) per Liter (g-dw/L)) Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Mean Standard Deviation 0 500 .2 .2 .2 0.20 0.00 1 .4 .3 .45 0.38 0.08 2 1.3 1.35 1.27 1.31 0.04 3 1.65 1.6 1.65 1.63 0.03 4 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.83 0.06

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4 Time (Day) Nitrogen (Micrograms per Liter (µg/L)) Algal Biomass (Grams (Dry Weight) per Liter (g-dw/L)) Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 Mean Standard Deviation 0 1500 .2 .2 .2 0.20 0.00 1 .5 .5 .6 0.53 0.06 2 1.25 1.3 1.29 1.28 0.03 3 1.68 1.7 1.65 1.68 0.03 4 1.7 1.9 1.75 1.78 0.10 0 2500 .2 .2 .2 0.20 0.00 1 .6 .5 .55 0.55 0.05 2 1.26 1.29 1.32 1.29 0.03 3 1.75 1.8 1.66 1.74 0.07 4 1.78 1.75 1.9 1.81 0.08 0 5000 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.20 0.00 1 0.65 0.68 0.68 0.67 0.02 2 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.47 0.06 3 1.9 1.9 1.88 1.89 0.01 4 1.5 1.6 1.5 1.53 0.06 Calculate Mean and Standard Deviation: Complete the table by using Excel to calculate each row’s mean and standard deviation. The first three are done for you. Use the module resources for Excel to help you complete the calculations for mean and standard deviation. Graph Data Create a graph depicting the effects of nitrogen on algal growth. Label Graph: Make certain a series legend is included showing each nitrogen concentration, and standard deviation error bars are depicted on your graph. Insert your graph below. Include axes labels and include a short, descriptive title. (Hint: Since this experiment was conducted over a period of time, you will want your x- axis to display the Time (Days). Multiple nitrogen concentrations were used in your experiment; therefore, each nitrogen concentration will be represented by its own series. The algal biomass (g-dw/L) was what you measured; therefore, this would be your dependent variable. Include standard deviation error bars in the graph.)

5 Questions: 1. What does the standard deviation measure? Variation of the data that’s collected. 2. Standard deviation does not assess statistical significance. However, using the standard deviation error bars in your graph can tell you the likelihood of there being a significant difference between data sets. What might the error bars tell you about the effect of nitrogen concentration on algal growth? The error bars tell us that there is an error in the effects of nitrogen on the plants. 3. On what other types of graphs might you use standard deviation error bars? Scatter plots and bar graphs. -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 ALGAL BIOMASS (G-DW/L) TIME (DAYS) Nitrogen Levels vs. Algal Biomass 500 (µg/L) 1500 (µg/L) 2500 (µg/L) 5000 (µg/L) Standard Deviation

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