Chapter 6- Sampling- Case Selection

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Apr 3, 2024

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1. It is best to use probability sampling when A) trying to understand the context of people's actions. B) studying a small number of cases. C) the population is unknown or not readily identifiable. D) the research objective is to estimate population characteristics. 2. (Box 6.1) Computer programs for random selection such as RANDOM.ORG typically use __________; in social research, case selection involves __________? A) sampling with replacement; sampling with replacement B) sampling with replacement; sampling without replacement C) sampling without replacement; sampling with replacement D) sampling without replacement; sampling without replacement 3. Which of the following describes a sampling distribution ? A) distribution of individual responses in a single sample B) distribution of individual responses in a population C) probability distribution of individual responses in a single sample D) probability distribution of a sample statistic 4. Which of the following is a characteristic of the sampling distribution of a mean or proportion ? A) its standard error increases as the size of the sample increases B) its standard error increases as the size of the population increases C) it has the shape of a normal curve D) its shape depends on the shape of population distribution 5. A researcher draws a random sample of 100 full-time city employees and, based on their self-reported salaries, calculates an average annual salary of $56,000. According to city records, however, the average annual earnings of all full-time city employees is $51,000. Which of the following conclusions can you draw from these data? A) The mean of the sampling distribution for samples of 100 is $51,000. B) The estimated margin of error for all samples of 100 is $5,000. C) The sample estimate is based on a biased sample of city employees. D) The sample is too small to provide an accurate estimate of the average earnings of all employees. 6. Knowledge of the sampling distribution of a statistic enables researchers to A) draw a smaller sample than ordinarily would be necessary. B) estimate the probable margin of error of a sample statistic. Page 1

C) calculate the population value. D) calculate the difference between a population value and a sample estimate. 7. To calculate the margin of error of a sample estimate, you must know all but which one of the following? A) size of the sample B) standard error of the sampling distribution C) the population value D) desired level of confidence in the margin of error 8. In the National Health and Social Life Survey, “all people aged 18 to 59 with adequate English proficiency living in households located in the 50 states and District of Columbia” describes the A) target population. B) sampling frame. C) sample. D) sampling distribution. 9. Defining the population in a survey is a two-step process. The first step consists of defining the __________; the second step consists of constructing the __________. A) unit of analysis; target population B) target population; sampling frame C) sampling frame; sample design D) sampling design; sample 10. For a survey of senior citizens, a copy of the annual city census is obtained, and 30,000 residents 65 years of age and older are identified. A total of 400 seniors is selected, of whom 250 are interviewed. There are __________ senior citizens in the sampling frame . A) 30,000 B) 400 C) 250 D) an unknown number of 11. Suppose you use the campus directory to draw a sample of the student population for a telephone survey. When you draw your sample you discover that 10 students have no telephone number listed; and when you conduct the survey, you discover that five students have an incorrect number listed. These “missing cases” indicate problems with A) the specification of the target population. Page 2

B) the sampling design. C) the sampling frame. D) random sampling error. 12. What defining feature of a simple random sample distinguishes it from other probability sampling designs? A) It does not require a sampling frame for the selection of cases. B) Every case is randomly selected. C) Every case has a known probability of being selected. D) Every combination of cases has an equal chance of being selected. 13. The two main reasons for using stratified sampling are to __________ and to __________. A) decrease the margin of error; increase the number of cases in particular subgroups B) decrease sampling costs; decrease the margin of error C) analyze the effects of the stratified variable; increase the number of cases in particular subgroups D) decrease sampling costs; analyze the effects of the stratified variable 14. A stratified random sample reduces error when A) an equal number of cases is drawn from each stratum. B) the stratifying variable is related to the variable under study. C) the differences between strata are relatively small. D) the number of cases in each stratum of the sample is proportionate to the number of cases in the population. 15. In a disproportionate stratified sample, A) a different proportion of cases is drawn from each stratum. B) the proportion of cases in each stratum of the sample differs from the proportion of cases in each stratum of the population. C) a different number of cases is drawn from each stratum. 16. Multistage cluster sampling A) is a means of drawing a probability sample when a list of the target population is unavailable. B) is superior to stratified random sampling, given equivalent costs. C) would be appropriate for a geographically concentrated population, such as students at a particular college. D) is rarely used in face-to-face interview surveys because it is difficult to implement. Page 3

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17. With which type of sampling design is probability proportionate to size sampling used? A) simple random sampling B) stratified random sampling C) multistage cluster sampling D) purposive sampling 18. Stratified random sampling is used to __________ ; multistage cluster sampling is used to __________. A) reduce costs; eliminate the need to list sample elements B) reduce sampling error; reduce sample size C) reduce sample size; reduce sampling error D) reduce sampling error; reduce costs 19. A stratified random sample reduces sampling error to the extent that variation within each stratum is __________; the sampling error of a cluster sample is reduced to the extent that variation within clusters is __________compared with the variation across clusters. A) small; small B) small; large C) large; small D) large; large 20. You plan to draw a sample of 1,000 from the population of a large state in order to estimate the average value of individual life insurance coverage. A list of all state residents and their incomes is available from the state revenue department. Which sampling design should produce the smallest margin of error? A) a simple random sample that uses a computer program to generate random numbers B) a stratified random sample that uses income categories as strata C) a multistage cluster sample that uses counties as clusters 21. What are the two most important considerations in determining an appropriate sample size? A) size of the population; complexity of the sampling design B) available resources; size of the population C) available resources; desired precision D) desired precision; size of the population 22. When properly executed, which of the following probability sampling designs requires the fewest cases for a given level of sample accuracy? A) simple random Page 4

B) stratified random C) multistage cluster 23. Suppose a student doing a telephone survey for the campus newspaper asks you, “How big a sample do I need to get accurate results?” Which of the following would be the best advice you could offer? A) The number of cases should be at least 25 percent of the population. B) Only samples of 3,000 or more yield truly accurate results. C) That depends on the number of students at the college. The proportion of the population sampled is more important than the absolute size of the sample. D) Accuracy (in terms of error reduction) improves much more for increases in sample size between 100 and 1,000 than for increases in sample size between 2,000 and 3,000. 24. For a numerical variable, say income, which of the following statistics has the smallest value? A) standard deviation of a sample for a sample size of 100 B) standard deviation of a sample for a sample size of 500 C) standard error of the sampling distribution for samples of size 100 D) standard error of the sampling distribution for samples of size 300 25. In probability sampling, which of the following results in random sampling error ? A) an incomplete sampling frame B) refusals to cooperate C) random selection D) failures to contact sampled respondents 26. __________ produces random sampling error, whereas __________ is a source of sample bias. A) An incomplete sampling frame; refusals to cooperate B) Random selection; failures to contact sampled respondents C) Refusals to cooperate; an incomplete sampling frame D) Failures to contact sampled respondents; random selection 27. Which of the following is a source of coverage error ? A) an incomplete sampling frame B) refusals to cooperate C) unreturned questionnaires D) random selection processes Page 5

28. If the researcher is unable to obtain a list of the population or members of the population cannot be identified easily, then he or she must use a A) very large sample. B) representative sample. C) probability sample. D) nonprobability sample. 29. Under which of the following conditions would non probability sampling be most appropriate? A) very few cases can be included in the sample B) a list of the target population is readily available C) the target population is extremely large D) accurate estimates of certain population characteristics are required 30. Non probability sampling usually involves two steps: A) selecting cases or research sites and selecting observations within sites B) defining the target population and creating a sampling frame C) identifying the population of cases and selecting cases for comparison D) determining what or whom to observe and then selecting cases for observation 31. You need a sample of 25 students to interview for a study of attitudes toward intercollegiate athletics, and so you interview the first 25 students to enter the campus center on a Monday morning. What kind of sample is this? A) convenience sample B) purposive sample C) snowball sample D) simple random sample 32. Which of the following sampling techniques depends for its effectiveness largely on the researcher's knowledge and skill in selecting appropriate cases? A) convenience sampling B) simple random sampling C) purposive sampling D) multistage cluster sampling 33. Which of the following sampling designs controls for the biased selection of respondents? A) convenience sampling B) purposive sampling C) snowball sampling Page 6

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D) simple random sampling 34. Suppose you are working with the vice squad in your city to conduct an interview study of female prostitutes. Which of the following sampling designs would be best to select your interviewees? A) simple random sampling B) stratified random sampling C) multistage cluster sampling D) snowball sampling 35. For which of the following populations would snowball sampling be most appropriate? A) all students currently enrolled at your college B) all students currently enrolled in U.S. colleges and universities C) all students at your college who use nonprescription drugs D) all sociology majors at your college E) all female sociology majors at your college 36. What sampling technique is used in qualitative studies to select cases that will elaborate and refine emerging explanations? A) purposive sampling B) snowball sampling C) theoretical sampling D) judgmental sampling 37. By using purposive sampling to select women members from 30 racist groups representing every region of the country, Blee was able to A) estimate the percentage of women members of racist groups. B) make reasonable inferences about the factors that attract women to racist groups. C) determine which racist groups were most attractive to women. D) describe the typical sex ratio (men versus women members) in racist groups. 38. Probability sampling is to nonprobability sampling as random selection is to nonrandom selection. A) True B) False 39. With random selection (with replacement), the chances of selecting one case has no effect on the chances of selecting another. A) True Page 7

B) False 40. A sampling distribution describes how a sample statistic is likely to vary about the population value it estimates. A) True B) False 41. The larger the sample, the larger the standard error. A) True B) False 42. Sampling error can be eliminated by drawing a probability sample. A) True B) False 43. Probability sampling enables researchers to calculate the margin of sampling error. A) True B) False 44. Given the same standard error, a 99 percent confidence interval is smaller than a 95 percent interval. A) True B) False 45. If you used the campus directory to sample students on your campus, all students listed in the directory would be the sampling frame. A) True B) False 46. Ideally, the sampling frame should be identical to the target population. A) True B) False 47. Constructing a sampling frame often amounts to finding an adequate list of all cases in the population. A) True B) False Page 8

48. Drawing a simple random sample requires the random selection of cases from a list of the population. A) True B) False 49. To use stratified random sampling, the sampling frame must contain information on the stratifying variable. A) True B) False 50. In proportionate stratified sampling, the same number of cases are drawn from each stratum. A) True B) False 51. The general purpose of multistage cluster sampling is to reduce the costs of data collection. A) True B) False 52. Multistage cluster sampling is most appropriate for small, geographically concentrated populations. A) True B) False 53. Multistage cluster sampling may involve either simple random or stratified random sampling at each stage. A) True B) False 54. Given equivalent costs, multistage cluster sampling is superior to simple random sampling. A) True B) False 55. One of the most important determinants of sample size is cost. A) True Page 9

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B) False 56. In determining the accuracy of sample estimates, the proportion of the population sampled is more important than the absolute size of the sample. A) True B) False 57. Increasing sample size from 100 to 500 increases sample precision more than increasing sample size from 1000 to 5000. A) True B) False 58. Probability sampling designs eliminate coverage error and nonresponse bias. A) True B) False 59. Probability sampling is always preferable to nonprobability sampling. A) True B) False 60. In research that uses nonprobability sampling, cases or research sites may be chosen because they are extreme or deviant. A) True B) False 61. Purposive sampling should be used when very little is known about the population. A) True B) False 62. Snowball sampling is often used in studies of deviant behavior. A) True B) False 63. The cases or observations selected in nonprobability sampling may provide a basis for statistical inference. A) True B) False Page 10

64. Describe the key differences between probability and nonprobability sampling. What defines a probability sample? For what purposes and under what conditions is it appropriate to use each of these sampling strategies? What kind of inferences are possible with each? 65. Suppose you want to draw a probability sample of all U.S. intercollegiate athletes who are competing during the current academic year. Describe how you might use each of the basic probability sampling designs: simple random, stratified random, and multistage cluster. Then indicate which sampling design you think is best to use and why. 66. To study how satisfied Americans are with the electoral process, a social scientist conducts a mail questionnaire survey. First he obtains a list of all political precincts in the United States (which covers all areas of the United States) and randomly selects a number of precincts from this list. He then obtains a list of registered voters for each selected precinct, and from each list he selects a random sample of voters. Finally, he mails each selected voter a survey in which he asks questions about their satisfaction with the electoral process. (a) What type of sampling design is this? (b) There are two sampling frames. What are they? (c) Carefully evaluate the adequacy of each frame in terms of meeting the objective of the study—to assess Americans ' satisfaction with the electoral process? 67. Following a Senatorial election in California, a Los Angeles Times article pointed out that the polls are not as reliable as media portrayals would suggest. The author gave several examples of seemingly contradictory poll results in pre-election surveys; for example, one poll had one candidate ahead by 10 points and another poll had her trailing by 2. Suppose someone asks you to explain how this could occur. Assuming that all the polls were telephone surveys that used probability sampling, identify and briefly describe three possible sources of sampling error in the polls. Page 11

Answer Key 1. D 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. A 6. B 7. C 8. A 9. B 10. A 11. C 12. D 13. A 14. B 15. B 16. A 17. C 18. D 19. B 20. B 21. C 22. B 23. D 24. D 25. C 26. B 27. A 28. D 29. A 30. A 31. A 32. C 33. D 34. D 35. C 36. C 37. B 38. A 39. A 40. A 41. B 42. B 43. A 44. B Page 12

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45. A 46. A 47. A 48. A 49. A 50. B 51. A 52. B 53. A 54. B 55. A 56. B 57. A 58. B 59. B 60. A 61. B 62. A 63. B 64. 65. 66. 67. Page 13

Chapter 6- Sampling- Case Selection

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