Understanding Statistical Analysis: Hypotheses, Tests, and Results

9. (2pts) According to the output, might any assumptions have been violated? If yes, which one? no assumptions were violated according to the output. The variances between the groups are equal (Sig. = 0.334).. 10. (4pts) Write-up the results using formal statistical format: The treatment group (M = 97.23) had significantly lower IQ scores compared to the control group (M = 103.53)The p-value of .001 suggests that the observed difference is statistically significant at the alpha level of .05. Therefore, we reject the null hypothesis (H0) and accept the alternative hypothesis (H1). The treatment had a significant effect on IQ scores. PART 3. Output 1: 11. (2pts) According to Output 1, what type of relationship is this analysis investigating, AND, was this relationship real or likely due to chance?

Output 2: Output 3: Output 4:

11. (2pts) According to Output 1, what type of relationship is this analysis investigating, AND, was this relationship real or likely due to chance? Output 1 is investigating the correlation between sleep hours and GPA. The correlation coefficient between GPA and control variables is 0.705, which indicates a positive linear relationship and the p-value is reported as 0.000 (very low). This relationship is a positive correlation, and it is real, not likely due to chance. 12. (2pts) According to Output 2, how many groups were being compared, AND, was there a significant difference between at least two of these groups? Output 2 compares three or more groups There were 3 degrees of freedom for between-groups variability (df = 3). The F-statistic is 2.525, and the p-value (Sig.) is 0.061. Since the p-value is greater than 0.05, there is no significant difference between at least two of these groups. 13. (2pts) According to Output 3, did test scores come from two different groups or the same group tested twice, AND, how do you know this? Output 3 suggests test scores come from the same group tested twice (paired differences) Output 3 suggests that the study used a "paired samples" design, where the same group of participants was tested twice (Test and Test2). The mean difference between their scores was 3.567, with a confidence interval ranging from 2.686 to 4.447. This design allows researchers to compare changes within the same group over time or under different conditions.

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14. (2pts) According to Output 4, what percentage of the dependent variable is accurately being predicted by the regression model? Output 4 shows the results of a regression analysis. The R-squared value is 0.429, meaning that the model explains about 42.9% of the variation in GPA based on the Income and Bweight A higher R-squared indicates better prediction, but the interpretation depends on the study context and other factors. The R-square value reported in Output 4 is 0.429, indicating that 42.9% of the variance in the dependent variable is being accurately predicted by the regression model. 15. (1pt) Which Output above does NOT require a Tukey post-hoc test? a. Output 1 b. Outputs 3 and 4 c. Outputs 1, 3, and 4 d. None of the outputs require a post-hoc test 16. (1pt) Which Output above reflects a test of “differences”? a. Output 1 b. Outputs 2 and 3 c. Outputs 2, 3, and 4 d. None of the outputs test for differences PART 4. Identify the appropriate test for questions 17-20 17. (1pt) Which of 5 group means are significantly different? a. Multiple regression b. Tukey post-hoc test c. Correlation d. Independent-samples t -test 18. (1pt) Is the IQ of this class different from the population average of 100? a. One-sample t -test b. Paired-samples t -test c. Independent-samples t -test d. 1-way ANOVA 19. (1pt) Does “income” predict “SAT score”? a. 1-way ANOVA

b. Correlation c. Simple regression d. Chi-square test of independence

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