Quiz From Study Designs to Descriptive Statistics

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Liberty University *

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Feb 20, 2024

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Quiz: From Study Designs to Descriptive Statistics  Due Jan 28 at 11:59pm  Points 75  Questions 50  Time Limit None Instructions The quiz:  Covers the Learn/Textbook material from Module 1: Week 1 - Module 2: Week 2  Contains 50 multiple choice and true/false questions.  No time limits.  Allows 1 attempt and that attempt will count towards the grade.  Is worth 75 points. Submit this assignment by 11:59 p.m. (ET) on Sunday of Module 2: Week 2. Attempt History Attempt Time Score LATEST Attempt 1 45 minutes 75 out of 75 Correct answers are hidden. Score for this quiz: 75 out of 75 Submitted Jan 26 at 2:04pm

This attempt took 45 minutes. Question 1 1.5 / 1.5 pts A design that is a very detailed report of the specific features of a particular participant or case is known as? Per protocol design Case report Cross-sectional design Quasi-experimental design Question 2 1.5 / 1.5 pts The most appropriate study design depends, among other things, on the distribution of The outcome in the population of interest The risk factor in the population of interest & The outcome in the population of interest The participants The risk factor in the population of interest Question 3 1.5 / 1.5 pts

In a study measuring the frequency of pain scores of patients on a scale from 1 to 10 for a specific type of pain relief therapy, the pain score variable would best be described as which type of variable? Dichotomous variable Ordinal variable Continuous variable Categorical variable Question 4 1.5 / 1.5 pts A fungal meningitis outbreak has been traced back to a particular compound pharmacy selling a specific injectable drug that is suspected to have been contaminated. In the past 4 weeks 15,051 patients were given the medication, and of those patients 72 individuals contracted fungal meningitis. What is the cumulative incidence for meningitis among those individuals who the medication was administered to? 0.0478 0.0048 0.4783 0.1478 Question 5

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1.5 / 1.5 pts Five hundred people are enrolled in a 10-year cohort study. At the start of the study, 50 have diagnosed CVD. Over the course of the study, 40 people who were free of CVD at baseline develop CVD. The prevalence of CVD at 10 years is 10% True False Question 6 1.5 / 1.5 pts A study that is conducted at a single point in time is known as: A cohort study A randomized-controlled Trial A cross-sectional study A clinical trial Question 7 1.5 / 1.5 pts Among individuals who eat a healthy diet and exercise frequently the point prevalence of hypertension is 0.09. Individuals subject to poverty, making it more difficult for them to eat a healthy diet and exercise frequently, have a 0.31 point prevalence for hypertension. What is the risk difference between the two groups? 0.78

0.76 0.29 0.22 Question 8 1.5 / 1.5 pts The best numerical summaries for dichotomous, ordinal, and categorical variables are relative frequencies. True False Question 9 1.5 / 1.5 pts Incidence of disease is the proportion of individuals with the condition (disease) at a single point in time True False Question 10 1.5 / 1.5 pts The following data were collected as part of a study of tea consumption among undergraduate students in England. The following reflect cups per day consumed: 5 7 6 9 4 1 2 2

According to the data they are no outliers. True False Question 11 1.5 / 1.5 pts Calculate the point prevalence for Alzheimer’s disease among individuals 65 years of age or older in a county that has 200,000 individuals who are 65 years of age or older, if 22,223 individuals who are 65 years of age or older have the disease. 0.9889 0.1111 0.0111 0.8889 Question 12 1.5 / 1.5 pts Which type of study design can assess temporal relationship? A case control study A cross over trial A cohort study

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A clinical trial Question 13 1.5 / 1.5 pts The applicability of the research results to a specific population obtained from a biostatistics study is best determined by which of the following? The inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study The specifics of the study’s treatment protocol How the data obtained in the study is managed Whether or not the study was randomized Question 14 1.5 / 1.5 pts A clinical trial is an observational study design. True False Question 15 1.5 / 1.5 pts The term clinical means that the study involves people. True

False Question 16 1.5 / 1.5 pts Which study type is usually conducted at a point in time? A cross-sectional survey A cohort study A clinical trial A case control study Question 17 1.5 / 1.5 pts Two types of medical devices used for knee replacement are being studied to see if the type of knee replacement used affects the rate of infection for a specific bacterial infection. The infection rate for a specific bacterial infection after surgery for device A is 0.0043. The rate for the same bacterial infection is 0.0121 for device B. How does the risk of developing the bacterial infection in individuals using device B compare to the risk of developing the bacterial infection in individuals using device A? Individuals using device A are 1.35 times more likely to develop the bacterial infection of interest than individuals using device B. Individuals using device B are 2.814 times more likely to develop the bacterial infection of interest than individuals using device A.

Individual using device B are 1.35 times more likely to develop the bacterial infection of interest that individuals using device B. Individuals using device A are 2.814 times more likely to develop the bacterial infection of interest than individuals using device B. Question 18 1.5 / 1.5 pts In a study, some patients were not followed for a total of 10 years. Some suffered events (i.e., developed coronary artery disease during follow-up), whereas others dropped out of the study. The following table displays the total number of person-years of follow-up in each group. Number with Coronary Artery Disease Total Follow-Up (years) High Blood Pressure medication 16 3200 Placebo 28 2750 The incidence rate of coronary artery disease in patients receiving placebo is approximately: 5 per 1000 person-years 10 per 1000 person-years None of the above 16 per 1000 person-years

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Question 19 1.5 / 1.5 pts Race is an example of which type of variable? Ordinal variable Dichotomous variable Categorical variable Continuous variable Question 20 1.5 / 1.5 pts The median of a group of individuals’ BMIs whose BMIs are 20.47, 21.92, 23.32, 23.41, 25.7, and 30.1 is approximately 24.15. True False Question 21 1.5 / 1.5 pts Odds ratio can be used to approximate the relative risk when the disease under study is rare. True False

Question 22 1.5 / 1.5 pts The population attributable risk is usually expressed as a percentage and ranges from 0% to 100%. True False Question 23 1.5 / 1.5 pts In a study, some patients were not followed for a total of 10 years. Some suffered events (i.e., developed coronary artery disease during follow-up), whereas others dropped out of the study. The following table displays the total number of person-years of follow-up in each group. Number with Coronary Artery Disease Total Follow-Up (years) High Blood Pressure medication 16 3200 Placebo 28 2750 The incidence rate of coronary artery disease in patients receiving the new medication (High Blood Pressure medication) is approximately: 8 per 1000 person-years 5 per 1000 person-years 16 per 1000 person-years

None of the above Question 24 1.5 / 1.5 pts Confounding is usually a major issue in cohort studies. True False Question 25 1.5 / 1.5 pts The best measure of central tendency for systolic blood pressure readings obtained from a population of 7 individuals whose systolic blood pressure readings were 101, 104, 108, 109, 111, 112, and 160 is the mean. True False Question 26 1.5 / 1.5 pts The mean is the best measure of typical value (central tendency) when they are outliers present in the data. True False

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Question 27 1.5 / 1.5 pts What is the ideal study design from a statistical point of view? Observational studies A&B None of the above Clinical trial Question 28 1.5 / 1.5 pts Assume a new measure of Intelligence Quotient (or IQ) has been developed. The mean IQ for the population is 100 and the standard deviation is 15. The standard deviation indicates the average distance an individual data value is from the mean is about 15 IQ points. True False Question 29 1.5 / 1.5 pts Calculate the mean blood glucose level for a study measuring the blood glucose levels of 10 individuals whose blood glucose readings were as follows: 88, 97, 101, 104, 104, 107, 109, 117, 121, and 147. 105.5

104.0 117.0 109.5 Question 30 1.5 / 1.5 pts An investigator reviewed the medical records of 200 children seen for care at Boston Medical Center in the past year who were between the ages 8 and 12 and identified 40 children with asthma. He also identified 40 children of the same ages who were free of asthma. Each child and their family were interviewed to assess whether there might be an association between certain environmental factors such as exposure to second-hand smoke. This study is an example of a: Crossover Trial Cohort Study Randomized Control Trial Case-Control Study Question 31 1.5 / 1.5 pts Clinical trials are regulated in the United States by the Environmental Protection Agency. True

False Question 32 1.5 / 1.5 pts 1,000 people are enrolled in a 10-year cohort study. At the start of the study, 100 have diagnosed CVD. Over the course of the study, 80 people who were free of CVD at baseline develop CVD. What is the cumulative incidence at 10 years? 0.089 1 0.10 0.50 Question 33 1.5 / 1.5 pts Confounding is the major issue in clinical trials. True False Question 34 1.5 / 1.5 pts A nested case-control study is a specific type of case-control study that is usually designed from a cohort study.

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True False Question 35 1.5 / 1.5 pts The following data were collected as part of a study of tea consumption among undergraduate students in England. The following reflect cups per day consumed: 5 7 6 9 4 1 2 2 According to the data, which measure, is a better measure of dispersion? Standard Deviation Mode Interquartile Range Median Question 36 1.5 / 1.5 pts An investigator wants to assess whether hypertension is a risk factor for coronary heart disease. Electronic medical records at a local hospital will be used to identify 100 patients with coronary heart disease. Fifty patients who are similar but free of coronary heart disease will also be selected. Each participant’s medical record will be analyzed for smoking history. The type of study proposed is a Cohort Study. True

False Question 37 1.5 / 1.5 pts The measure of uncertainty in a biostatistician’s calculation of a particular outcome that may result from using a subset of the population to estimate the actual likelihood of the event occurring in the population as a whole is referred to by what statistical term? A chance error A systematic error A standard error A margin of error Question 38 1.5 / 1.5 pts Which of the following types of graphics would be most useful in demonstrating the frequency of a given outcome as it relates to an ordinal variable? Box plot Bar chart Pie chart

Histogram Question 39 1.5 / 1.5 pts Risk difference may sometimes be referred to as excess risk. True False Question 40 1.5 / 1.5 pts The following data were collected as part of a study of tea consumption among undergraduate students in England. The following reflect cups per day consumed: 5 7 6 9 4 1 2 2 According to the data the median is: 7 6 4.5 2 Question 41 1.5 / 1.5 pts

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The Cumulative incidence is computed as the number of persons who develop a disease during a specified period over the number of persons examined at baseline True False Question 42 1.5 / 1.5 pts The following data were collected as part of a study of coffee consumption among graduate students. The following reflect cups per day consumed: 3, 4, 6, 8 ,2, 1, 0, and 2. The standard deviation is approximately 4. True False Question 43 1.5 / 1.5 pts A subset of the population of interest is often referred to by what statistical term? A class of individuals A minority group A subculture of individuals A sample of individuals

Question 44 1.5 / 1.5 pts Calculate the lower quartile of the data set for the blood glucose levels of 10 individuals whose blood glucose readings were as follows: 88, 97, 101, 104, 104, 107, 109, 117, 121, and 147. 104.0 109.5 88.0 101.0 Question 45 1.5 / 1.5 pts Misclassification bias often occurs in case-control studies. True False Question 46 1.5 / 1.5 pts An active-control trial is the best option for researchers hoping to test a newly devised therapy for a life-threatening illness among individuals with the illness, when a previously devised treatment is available for the illness. True

False Question 47 1.5 / 1.5 pts Two thousand are enrolled in a 20-year cohort study. At the start of the study, No one was diagnosed with cardiovascular disease. Over the course of the study, 100 people who were free of cardiovascular disease at baseline develop cardiovascular disease. The prevalence of cardiovascular disease at baseline is 0. True False Question 48 1.5 / 1.5 pts The proportion of the sample with disease is computed by taking the ratio of the number with disease to the total sample size. True False Question 49 1.5 / 1.5 pts Understanding biostatistical principles is critical to public health education. True False

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Question 50 1.5 / 1.5 pts Biostatistics is integral to the field of epidemiology, which is defined as study of health and illness in human populations, patterns of health or disease, and the factors that influence these patterns. True False Quiz Score: 75 out of 75

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Quiz From Study Designs to Descriptive Statistics

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