AP Stats Cumulative AP Practice Test 2

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Cumulative AP® Practice Test 2 Section I: Multiple Choice Choose the best answer for each question. AP2.1 The five-number summary for a data set is given by min =5, Q; =18, median = 20, O3 =40, max = 75. If you wanted to construct a boxplot for the data set that would show outliers, if any existed, what would be the maximum possible length of the right-side “whisker”? a.33 b. 35 c.45 d.53 e. 55 AP2.2 The probability distribution for the number of heads in four tosses of a coin is given by Number of heads 0 1 2 3 4 Probability 0.0625 0.2500 0.3750 0.2500 0.0625 The probability of getting at least one fail in four tosses of a coin is a. 0.2500. b.0.3125. c.0.6875. d. 0.9375. e.0.0625. AP2.3 In a certain large population of adults, the distribution of IQ scores is strongly left-skewed with a mean of 122 and a standard deviation of 5. Suppose 200 adults are randomly selected from this population for a market research study. For SRSs of size 200, the distribution of sample mean 1Q score is a. left-skewed with mean 122 and standard deviation 0.35. b. exactly Normal with mean 122 and standard deviation 5. c. exactly Normal with mean 122 and standard deviation 0.35. d. approximately Normal with mean 122 and standard deviation 5. e. approximately Normal with mean 122 and standard deviation 0.35.
AP2.4 A 10-question multiple-choice exam offers 5 choices for each question. Jason just guesses the answers, so he has probability 1/5 of getting any one answer correct. You want to perform a simulation to determine the number of correct answers that Jason gets. What would be a proper way to use a table of random digits to do this? a. One digit from the random digit table simulates one answer, with 5 = correct and all other digits = incorrect. Ten digits from the table simulate 10 answers. b. One digit from the random digit table simulates one answer, with O or 1 = correct and all other digits = incorrect. Ten digits from the table simulate 10 answers. c. One digit from the random digit table simulates one answer, with odd = correct and even = incorrect. Ten digits from the table simulate 10 answers. d. One digit from the random digit table simulates one answer, with O or 1 = correct and all other digits = incorrect, ignoring repeats. Ten digits from the table simulate 10 answers. e. Two digits from the random digit table simulate one answer, with 00 to 20 = correct and 21 to 99 = incorrect. Ten pairs of digits from the table simulate 10 answers. AP2.5 Suppose we roll a fair die four times. What is the probability that a 6 occurs on exactly one of the rolls? () () (1) () AP2.6 On one episode of his show, a radio show host encouraged his listeners to visit his website and vote in a poll about proposed tax increases. Of the 4821 people who vote, 4277 are against the proposed increases. To which of the following populations should the results of this poll be generalized? a. All people who have ever listened to this show b. All people who listened to this episode of the show c. All people who visited the show host’s website d. All people who voted in the poll e. All people who voted against the proposed increases
AP2.7 The number of unbroken charcoal briquets in a 20-pound bag filled at the factory follows a Normal distribution with a mean of 450 briquets and a standard deviation of 20 briquets. The company expects that a certain number of the bags will be underfilled, so the company will replace for free the 5% of bags that have too few briquets. What is the minimum number of unbroken briquets the bag would have to contain for the company to avoid having to replace the bag for free? a. 404 b. 411 c.418 d. 425 e. 448 AP2.8 You work for an advertising agency that is preparing a new television commercial to appeal to women. You have been asked to design an experiment to compare the effectiveness of three versions of the commercial. Each subject will be shown one of the three versions and then asked to reveal her attitude toward the product. You think there may be large differences in the responses of women who are employed and those who are not. Because of these differences, you should use a. a block design, but not a matched pairs design. b. a completely randomized design. c. a matched pairs design. d. a simple random sample. e. a stratified random sample. AP2.9 Suppose that you have torn a tendon and are facing surgery to repair it. The orthopedic surgeon explains the risks to you. Infection occurs in 3% of such operations, the repair fails in 14%, and both infection and failure occur together 1% of the time. What is the probability that the operation is successful for someone who has an operation that is free from infection? a.0.8342 b. 0.8400 c.0.8600 d. 0.8660 e. 0.9900
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AP2.10 Social scientists are interested in the association between high school graduation rate (HSGR, measured as a percent) and the percent of U.S. families living in poverty (POV). Data were collected from all 50 states and the District of Columbia, and a regression analysis was conducted. The resulting least-squares regression line is given by POV = 59.2 0.620 (HSGR) with > = 0.802. Based on the information, which of the following is the best interpretation for the slope of the least- squares regression line? a. For each 1% increase in the graduation rate, the percent of families living in poverty is predicted to decrease by approximately 0.896. b. For each 1% increase in the graduation rate, the percent of families living in poverty is predicted to decrease by approximately 0.802. c. For each 1% increase in the graduation rate, the percent of families living in poverty is predicted to decrease by approximately 0.620. d. For each 1% increase in the percent of families living in poverty, the graduation rate is predicted to decrease by approximately 0.802. e. For each 1% increase in the percent of families living in poverty, the graduation rate is predicted to decrease by approximately 0.620. Questions AP2.11-AP2.13 refer to the following graph. Here is a dotplot of the adult literacy rates in 177 countries in a recent year, according to the United Nations. For example, the lowest literacy rate was 23.6%, in the African country of Burkina Faso. Mali had the next lowest literacy rate at 24.0%. oot ° eoe ° o o0 aoo ° e o ® o sccscee ° ° o0 o 000 sooseee a o o e e o o 000 e0e seccesee 0 00 oo 0000 0 00000 0 0 000000000000 L T 20 40 60 80 100 Literacy rate (%) Starnes & Tabor, The Practice of Statistics, 6e, © 2018 Bedford, Freeman & Worth High School Publishers AP2.11 The overall shape of this distribution is a. clearly skewed to the right. b. clearly skewed to the left. c. roughly symmetric. d. approximately uniform. e. There is no clear shape.
AP2.12 The mean of this distribution (don* try to find it) will be a. very close to the median. b. greater than the median. c. less than the median. d. You can’t say, because the distribution isn’t symmetric. e. You can’t say, because the distribution isn’t Normal. AP2.13 The country with a literacy rate of 49% is closest to which of the following percentiles? a. 6th b. 11th c.28th d. 49th e. There is not enough information to calculate the percentile. AP2.14 The correlation between the age and height of children under the age of 12 is found to be » = 0.60. Suppose we use the age x of a child to predict the height y of the child. What can we conclude? a. The height is generally 60% of a child’s age. b. About 60% of the time, age will accurately predict height. c. Thirty-six percent of the variation in height is accounted for by the linear model relating height to age. d. For every 1 year older a child is, the regression line predicts an increase of 0.6 foot in height. e. Thirty-six percent of the time, the least-squares regression line accurately predicts height from age. AP2.15 An agronomist wants to test three different types of fertilizer (A, B, and C) on the yield of a new variety of wheat. The yield will be measured in bushels per acre. Six 1-acre plots of land were randomly assigned to each of the three fertilizers. The treatment, experimental unit, and response variable are, respectively, a. a specific fertilizer, bushels per acre, a plot of land. b. variety of wheat, bushels per acre, a specific fertilizer. c. variety of wheat, a plot of land, wheat yield. d. a specific fertilizer, a plot of land, wheat yield. e. a specific fertilizer, the agronomist, wheat yield.
AP2.16 According to the U.S. Census, the proportion of adults in a certain county who owned their own home was 0.71. An SRS of 100 adults in a certain section of the county found that 65 owned their home. Which one of the following represents the approximate probability of obtaining a sample of 100 adults in which 65 or fewer own their home, assuming that this section of the county has the same overall proportion of adults who own their home as does the entire county? a. (16050) (0.71)%(0.29)* b. (1605O> (0.29)%(0.71)* . p (z 0.65 0.71 ' ~ [(0.71) (0.29) \ 100 i P (z 0.65 0.71 ' ~ /(0.65) (0.35) \ 100 ( \ . 065071 = (0.71) (0.29) \ Vo AP2.17 Which one of the following would be a correct interpretation if you have a z- score of +2.0 on an exam? a. It means that you missed two questions on the exam. b. It means that you got twice as many questions correct as the average student. c. It means that your grade was 2 points higher than the mean grade on this exam. d. It means that your grade was in the upper 2% of all grades on this exam. e. It means that your grade is 2 standard deviations above the mean for this exam.
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AP2.18 Records from a dairy farm yielded the following information on the number of male and female calves born at various times of the day. Time of day Day Evening Night Total Males 129 15 117 261 Gender Females 118 18 116 252 Total 247 33 233 513 What is the probability that a randomly selected calf was born in the night or was a female? 369 513 485 513 116 513 116 | 252 116 ' 233 AP2.19 When people order books from a popular online source, they are shipped in boxes. Suppose that the mean weight of the boxes is 1.5 pounds with a standard deviation of 0.3 pound, the mean weight of the packing material is 0.5 pound with a standard deviation of 0.1 pound, and the mean weight of the books shipped is 12 pounds with a standard deviation of 3 pounds. Assuming that the weights are independent, what is the standard deviation of the total weight of the boxes that are shipped from this source? a.1.84 b.2.60 c.3.02 d.3.40 e.9.10 a. b.
AP2.20 A grocery chain runs a prize game by giving each customer a ticket that may win a prize when the box is scratched off. Printed on the ticket is a dollar value ($500, $100, $25) or the statement “This ticket is not a winner.” Monetary prizes can be redeemed for groceries at the store. Here is the probability distribution of the amount won on a randomly selected ticket: Amount won $500 $100 $25 $0 Probability 0.01 0.05 0.20 0.74 Which of the following are the mean and standard deviation, respectively, of the winnings? a. $15.00, $2900.00 b. $15.00, $53.85 c. $15.00, $26.93 d. $156.25, $53.85 e. $156.25, $26.93 AP2.21 A large company is interested in improving the efficiency of its customer service and decides to examine the length of the business phone calls made to clients by its sales staff. Here is a cumulative relative frequency graph from data collected over the past year. According to the graph, the shortest 80% of calls will take how long to complete? a. Less than 10 minutes b. At least 10 minutes c. Exactly 10 minutes d. At least 5.5 minutes e. Less than 5.5 minutes 100 80 & 40 20 0 - Length of phone call (min) Starnes & Tabor, The Practice of Statistics, 6e, © 2018 Bedford, Freeman & Worth High School Publishers
Section lI: Free Response Show all your work. Indicate clearly the methods you use, because you will be graded on the correctness of your methods as well as on the accuracy and completeness of your results and explanations. AP2.22 A health worker is interested in determining if omega-3 fish oil can help reduce cholesterol in adults. She obtains permission to examine the health records of 200 people in a large medical clinic and classifies them according to whether or not they take omega-3 fish oil. She also obtains their latest cholesterol readings and finds that the mean cholesterol reading for those who are taking omega-3 fish oil is 18 points less than the mean for the group not taking omega-3 fish oil. a. Is this an observational study or an experiment? Justify your answer. b. Explain the concept of confounding in the context of this study and give one example of a variable that could be confounded with whether or not people take omega-3 fish oil. c. Researchers find that the 18-point difference in the mean cholesterol readings of the two groups is statistically significant. Can they conclude that omega-3 fish oil is the cause? Why or why not? AP2.23 The scatterplot shows the relationship between the number of yards allowed by teams in the National Football League and the number of wins for that team in a recent season, along with the least-squares regression line. Computer output is also provided. Term Coef SE Coef T-Value P-Value Constant 25.66 5.37 4.78 0.000 Yards allowed -0.003131 0.000948 -3.30 0.002 S = 2.65358 R-Sq = 26.65% R-Sqg(adj) = 24.21% I I I I I 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 Yards allowed Starnes & Tabor, The Practice of Statistics, 6e, © 2018 Bedford, Freeman & Worth High School Publishers a. State the equation of the least-squares regression line. Define any variables you use. b. Calculate and interpret the residual for the Seattle Seahawks, who allowed 4668 yards and won 10 games. c. The Carolina Panthers allowed 5167 yards and won 15 games. What effect does the point representing the Panthers have on the equation of the least- squares regression line? Explain.
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AP2.24 Every 17 years, swarms of cicadas emerge from the ground in the eastern United States, live for about six weeks, and then die. (There are several different “broods,” so we experience cicada eruptions more often than every 17 years.) There are so many cicadas that their dead bodies can serve as fertilizer and increase plant growth. In a study, a researcher added 10 dead cicadas under 39 randomly selected plants in a natural plot of American bellflowers on the forest floor, leaving other plants undisturbed. One of the response variables measured was the size of seeds produced by the plants. Here are the boxplots and summary statistics of seed mass (in milligrams) for 39 cicada plants and 33 undisturbed (control) plants: n Minimum Median Q3 Maximum Cicada plants 39 0417 022 025 0.28 0.35 Control plants 33 0.14 019 025 0.26 0.29 Cicada _ CD plants Control _| plants [ I] T T T T T 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 Seed mass (mg) Starnes & Tabor, The Practice of Statistics, 6e, © 2018 Bedford, Freeman & Worth High School Publishers a. Write a few sentences comparing the distributions of seed mass for the two groups of plants. b. Based on the graphical displays, which distribution likely has the larger mean? Justify your answer. c. Explain the purpose of the random assignment in this study. d. Name one benefit and one drawback of only using American bellflowers in the study. AP2.25 In a city library, the mean number of pages in a novel is 525 with a standard deviation of 200. Furthermore, 30% of the novels have fewer than 400 pages. Suppose that you randomly select 50 novels from the library. a. What is the probability that the average number of pages in the sample is less than 5007 b. What is the probability that at least 20 of the novels have fewer than 400 pages?
Answers to Cumulative AP® Practice Test 2 AP2.1a AP2.2d AP23e AP24Db AP25c AP2.6d AP2.7 c AP28 a AP29d AP2.10c AP2.11b AP2.12c AP2.13a AP2.14c AP2.15d AP2.16 c AP2.17 e AP2.18 a AP2.19 c AP2.20Db AP2.21 a AP2.22 (a) This is an observational study. Subjects were not assigned to take (or not take) fish oil. (b) Two variables are confounded when their effects on the cholesterol level cannot be distinguished from one another. For example, people who take omega-3 fish oil might also be more health conscious in general and do other things such as eat more healthfully or exercise more. If eating more healthfully or exercising more lowers cholesterol, researchers would not know whether it was the omega-3 fish oil or the more healthy food consumption or exercise that lowered cholesterol. (¢) No; this wasn’t an experiment and taking fish oil is possibly confounded with other good habits, such as healthful eating and exercise.
AP2.23 (a) y = 25.66 0.003131z, where ¢ is the predicted number of wins and x is the number of yards allowed. (b) § = 25.66 0.003131(4668) = 11.04 wins. The residual = 10 —11.04 =—1.04 wins. The actual number of Seattle Seahawk wins was 1.04 less than the number of wins predicted by the regression line with x = 4668 yards allowed. (c) Because the Carolina Panthers allowed fewer yards than average and also had more wins than average, this point will increase the steepness of the negative slope of the least-squares regression line (make it more negative) and increase the y intercept of the least-squares regression line. AP2.24 (a) The distribution of seed mass for the cicada plants is roughly symmetric, whereas that for the control plants is skewed to the left. Neither group had any outliers. The median seed mass is the same for both groups (median = 0.25). The cicada plants had a larger range in seed mass, but the control plants had a larger IQR. (b) The distribution of seed mass for the cicada plants is roughly symmetric, which suggests that the mean should be about the same as the median. However, the distribution of seed mass for the control plants is skewed to the left, which will pull the mean of this distribution below its median toward the smaller values. Because the medians of both distributions are equal, the mean for the cicada plants is likely greater than the mean for the control plants. (¢) The purpose of the random assignment is to create two groups of plants that are roughly equivalent at the beginning of the experiment. (d) A benefit of using only American bellflowers is that the researchers may then control a source of variability. Different types of flowers will have different seed masses, making the response more variable if other types of plants were used. A drawback to only using American bellflowers is that we can’t make inferences about the effect of cicadas on other types of plants, because other plants may respond differently to cicadas. AP2.25 (a) Because the sample size is large (n = 50 > 30), the distribution of Z is approximately Normal with puz = p = 525 pages. Because n = 50 is less than 10% of all &= = % = 28.28 pages. We want to find P(Z < 500). (i) z= —0.88; P(z < —0.88)=0.1894 (ii) P(z < 500) = normalcdf(lower: 1000, upper: 500, mean: 525, SD: 28.28) = 0.1883. There is a 0.1883 probability that the average number of pages in the sample is less than 500. (b) X is a binomial random variable with = 50 and p = 0.30. We want to find P(X > 20). P(X > 20) = 1 binomcdf(trials: 50, p: 0.30, value: 19) = 1 0.9152 = 0.0848. There is a 0.0848 probability of selecting at least 20 novels that have fewer than 400 pages. novels in the library, oz =
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