Assignment 1_ Winter 2024 Applied Statistics I

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May 21, 2024

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1/10/24, 2:23 AM Assignment 1: Winter 2024 Applied Statistics I https://nsu.instructure.com/courses/2520401/quizzes/5251517 1/11 * Some questions not yet graded Assignment 1 Due Jan 14 at 11:59pm Points 18 Questions 18 Time Limit None Instructions Attempt History Attempt Time Score LATEST Attempt 1 156 minutes 8 out of 18 * Score for this quiz: 8 out of 18 * Submitted Jan 10 at 2:27am This attempt took 156 minutes. Please complete the answers for Assignment 1. There a multiple choice and short answer questions. Also, there are some questions which require you to upload an image of a graph or table you create. In this case, please upload a .jpg or PDF of the image. Not yet graded / 1 pts Question 1 Your Answer: a. What type of research question (i.e., descriptive, comparative, relationship) is being asked by the researchers? Briefly explain your answer. The research question in this study is comparative. The researchers are examining the effect of drawing a happy face on customers' assessments on the amount of guidelines acquired through a waitress. They are evaluating the top chances between the control group (no happy face) and the experimental group (happy face) to evaluate the impact of the drawing on tipping behavior.

1/10/24, 2:23 AM Assignment 1: Winter 2024 Applied Statistics I https://nsu.instructure.com/courses/2520401/quizzes/5251517 2/11 1 / 1 pts Question 2 What were the independent and dependent variables in the study? IV = Group; DV = Percent Correct! Correct! IV = Percent; DV = Group IV = Percent; DV = Percent IV = Group; DV = Group 1 / 1 pts Question 3 What is the level of measurement for the independent and dependent variables? IV = nominal; DV = ratio Correct! Correct! IV = ratio; DV = nominal IV = rank/order; DV = ratio IV = ratio; DV = ratio Not yet graded / 1 pts Question 4

1/10/24, 2:23 AM Assignment 1: Winter 2024 Applied Statistics I https://nsu.instructure.com/courses/2520401/quizzes/5251517 3/11 Your Answer: Before performing data analyses, make a prediction about the pattern of results you expect to see and why. That is, which condition do you think will result in the highest percentage of tips, on average? Why? Note: don’t base your prediction on the data itself, rather your expectations going into the study. That is, before you collect any data, what would you expect to see? Before appearing data analyses, one would possibly expect that the experimental group (customers receiving assessments with a happy face) can have a higher common percentage of tips in comparison to the control group (customers receiving checks without a happy face). This prediction may be based on the expectation that a advantageous and quality gesture, consisting of a satisfied face, would possibly have an impact on customers' perceptions and lead to an boom in tipping behavior. 1 / 1 pts Question 5 Calculate the mean, median, and mode for the experimental group. Mean = 33.05; Median = 28.50; Mode = 21, 24, 27, 33 Correct! Correct! Mean = 32.05 Median = 28.70 Mode = 24, 27, 33 Mean = 23.05 Median = 28.50 Mode = 21, 24, 27 Mean = 33.05 Median = 28.0 Mode = 21, 27, 33 1 / 1 pts Question 6

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1/10/24, 2:23 AM Assignment 1: Winter 2024 Applied Statistics I https://nsu.instructure.com/courses/2520401/quizzes/5251517 4/11 Examine the values for the mean and the median. Based on these values, what shape of distribution would you expect to see? Briefly explain your rationale. The distribution would likely have a positive skew to it. Correct! Correct! The distribution would likely have a negative skew to it. The distribution would likely have a correlated skew to it. The distribution would likely have a neutral skew to it. Not yet graded / 1 pts Question 7 Your Answer: Suppose you had to explain the standard deviation value in the previous question to someone who has not taken a statistics course. In a sentence or two, write your explanation. The standard deviation measures the quantity of variation or spread in the tip percentage. Here higher standard deviation indicates that the tip amounts numerous extra widely from the average, suggesting extra variety in customers' tipping conduct, possibly encouraged by way of the presence or absence of a satisfied face on their checks. 0 / 1 pts Question 8 How would you characterize the variability of the tips? That is, do you feel the variability is high, moderate, or low? Briefly explain your rationale.

1/10/24, 2:23 AM Assignment 1: Winter 2024 Applied Statistics I https://nsu.instructure.com/courses/2520401/quizzes/5251517 5/11 A moderate distribution given the relatively higher number of scores that were in the middle range, that is, close to the mean. orrect Answer orrect Answer A very small distribution given the relatively higher number of scores that were in the middle range, that is, close to the mean. A high distribution given the relatively higher number of scores that were in the middle range, that is, far from the mean. ou Answered ou Answered A skewed distribution given the relatively lower number of scores that were in the middle range, that is, close to the mean. 1 / 1 pts Question 9 Obtain a frequency distribution for both variables. Use the frequency distribution to screen your data for entry errors. Did you find any “odd” values that needed to be corrected? All of the scores are possible, however, the 8 and 72 values are particularly low and high, respective, and warrant verification. Correct! Correct! All of the scores are possible, however, the 21 and 33 values are particularly low and high, respective, and warrant verification. No values appear to be especially high or low and therefore none warrant further investigation.

1/10/24, 2:23 AM Assignment 1: Winter 2024 Applied Statistics I https://nsu.instructure.com/courses/2520401/quizzes/5251517 6/11 Not yet graded / 1 pts Question 10 Your Answer: Obtain descriptive statistics (mean, median, standard deviation, range, skewness, kurtosis) separately for both the experimental and control groups. To do this, select Compare Means and Means... from the Analyze pull- ‐‑ down menu. Note that you will have to click the Options... button to select certain statistics (e.g., the median). 1 / 1 pts Question 11 Examine the skewness and kurtosis statistics and the frequency distribution for the experimental group. What shape best characterizes the distribution? Incorporate an interpretation of the skewness/kurtosis statistics and evidence from the frequency distribution (e.g., cumulative percent) into your discussion. That is, if you believe the distribution is

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1/10/24, 2:23 AM Assignment 1: Winter 2024 Applied Statistics I https://nsu.instructure.com/courses/2520401/quizzes/5251517 7/11 skewed, what information from the frequency distribution backs up your claim? A normal distribution has a skewness of 0. Since the skewness was > 0 then there was a positive skew to the distribution. It is apparent through an examination of the frequency distributions that there is the presence of positive skewness, that is, there is a long right tail. A normal distribution has a kurtosis of 0. Since the kurtosis was > 0 then the distribution was leptokurtic. A normal distribution has a skewness of 0. Since the skewness was > 0 then there was a positive skew to the distribution, which is consistent with the frequency distribution observed in the output. Correct! Correct! A normal distribution has a skewness of 1. Since the skewness was > 1 then there was a positive skew to the distribution. It is apparent through an examination of the frequency distributions that there is the presence of positive skewness, that is, there is a long right tail. A normal distribution has a kurtosis of 0. Since the kurtosis was > 0 then the distribution was leptokurtic. A normal distribution has a skewness of 0. Since the skewness was > 0 then there was a positive skew to the distribution, which is consistent with the frequency distribution observed in the output. A normal distribution has a skewness of 0. Since the skewness was > 0 then there was a negative skew to the distribution. It is apparent through an examination of the frequency distributions that there is the presence of negative skewness, that is, there is a long right tail. A normal distribution has a kurtosis of 0. Since the kurtosis was > 0 then the distribution was leptokurtic. A normal distribution has a skewness of 0. Since the skewness was > 0 then there was a positive skew to the distribution, which is consistent with the frequency distribution observed in the output. A normal distribution has a skewness of 0. Since the skewness was > 0 then there was a positive skew to the distribution. It is apparent through an examination of the frequency distributions that there is the presence of positive skewness, that is, there is a long right tail. A normal distribution has a kurtosis of 0. Since the kurtosis was > 0 then the distribution was leptokurtic. A normal distribution has a skewness of 1. Since the skewness was > 1 then there was a neutral skew to the distribution, which is consistent with the frequency distribution observed in the output.

1/10/24, 2:23 AM Assignment 1: Winter 2024 Applied Statistics I https://nsu.instructure.com/courses/2520401/quizzes/5251517 8/11 Not yet graded / 1 pts Question 12 Your Answer: Compare the means for the two experimental groups. Does the pattern of mean differences match your predictions from question #d? From simply a descriptive standpoint, how you characterize the magnitude of the difference in means between the treatment and control groups (e.g., small, medium, large)? Explain your rationale. Answer. Control Group: Mean = (45 + 39 + 36 + 34 + 34 + 33 + 31 + 31 + 30 + 30 + 28 + 28 + 28 + 27 + 27 + 25 + 23 + 22 + 21 + 21 + 20 + 18 + 8) / 23 Mean = 27.78 Experimental Group: Mean = (72 + 65 + 47 + 44 + 41 + 40 + 34 + 33 + 33 + 30 + 29 + 28 + 27 + 27 + 25 + 24 + 24 + 23 + 22 + 21 + 21 + 17) / 21 Mean = 33.05 The mean percentage of tips for the experimental group (33.045) is indeed higher than that of the control group (27.782). This aligns with the prediction made in question #d, where it was expected that the experimental group (happy face) would result in a higher average percentage of tips. While there's a descriptive standpoint, it is able to no longer be considered big. This is based totally at the quantity to which the imply of the experimental group surpasses that of the control group.

1/10/24, 2:23 AM Assignment 1: Winter 2024 Applied Statistics I https://nsu.instructure.com/courses/2520401/quizzes/5251517 9/11 1 / 1 pts Question 13 Compute descriptive statistics on the anxiety scores. From the output identify the following: a. Skewness- 0.42; b. Mean- 32.27; c. Standard deviation – 23.48; d. Kurtosis - -1.12 Correct! Correct! a. Skewness- ‐‑ 0.12; b. Mean- 31.27; c. Standard deviation – 23.41; d. Kurtosis -1.12 a. Skewness- .42; b. Mean- 32.27; c. Standard deviation– 23.48 d. Kurtosis - .42 a. Skewness- -0.42; b. Mean- 33.27; c. Standard deviation – 23.48 d. Kurtosis -.12 Not yet graded / 1 pts Question 14 Create a histogram to show the distribution of the anxiety scores. Edit the graph (if necessary) so that most of the normal curve is visible. Upload a .jpg or PDF of the table.  Histogram.JPG (https://nsu.instructure.com/files/147865557/download)

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1/10/24, 2:23 AM Assignment 1: Winter 2024 Applied Statistics I https://nsu.instructure.com/courses/2520401/quizzes/5251517 10/11 1 / 1 pts Question 15 Conduct a frequency analysis on the gender and marital status variables. From the output, identify the following: a. Percentage of men – 52%; b. Mode for marital status – 2 (Divorced); c. Frequency of divorced people in the sample - 11 Correct! Correct! a. Percentage of men – 5%; b. Mode for marital status – 1 (Divorced) c. Frequency of divorced people in the sample - 10 a. Percentage of men – 50%; b. Mode for marital status – 2 (Divorced); c. Frequency of divorced people in the sample - 9 a. Percentage of men – 48%; b. Mode for marital status – 2 (Divorced); c. Frequency of divorced people in the sample - 11 Not yet graded / 1 pts Question 16 Create a frequency table to summarize the data on the educational level variable. Upload a .jpg or PDF of the table.  Frequency Table of Educational level.JPG (https://nsu.instructure.com/files/147865563/download)

1/10/24, 2:23 AM Assignment 1: Winter 2024 Applied Statistics I https://nsu.instructure.com/courses/2520401/quizzes/5251517 11/11 Not yet graded / 1 pts Question 17 Create a bar chart to summarize the data from the community population variable. Upload a .jpg or PDF of the table.  Community Size bar Chart.JPG (https://nsu.instructure.com/files/147865564/download) Not yet graded / 1 pts Question 18 Your Answer: Write a brief participants section describing the participants in Ann’s sample. Ann's sample consists of 25 individuals that participated in a large-scale survey. The demographic characteristics includes gender, with two classes (men and women).There are 13 men and 12 women in the sample. For education level comprising 4 categories (e.g., high school, bachelor's degree, master's degree, and doctoral degree), marital status with 3 categories (unmarried, married, and divorced), and community population size, encompassing 8 classes that represent varying populace sizes. Quiz Score: 8 out of 18