Loins,B-EDR-8300-6

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Loins-B-EDR-8300-6 1 Define Populations and Samples for Study Feasibility School of Education, Northcentral University EDR-8300: The Research Process Oct. 29, 2023

Loins-B-EDR-8300-6 2 Section 1: Research Populations and Sampling Methods Research design is the groundwork of research methods and approaches selected by researchers to perform a study (Privitera & Ahlgrim-Delzell, 2019). Researchers must ensure the research design elements demonstrate attributes that align with the research questions, resources, methods, and design when selecting the population for their research study (Daniel, 2012). This essay will provide definitions of sampling terminology, sampling method examples, exclusion and inclusion criteria, and distinguish between random and non-probability sampling. I will apply this week’s terminology to my research study to discuss the populations, sampling frame, inclusion/exclusion criteria and how these concepts alter for quantitative and qualitive studies. The last section of the essay will focus on the alignment of feasibility to sampling choices, study design, sampling design, and methodology. Section 1: Research Study Population Classification Target Population Target population is the complete population or group that the researcher is interested in conducting a study to learn more about to generalize the results (Bickman & Rog, 2008). Target populations set clear direction, breadth of work and goals of the research and data. They are large groups, including humans, plants, animals, and objects that contain targeted variables (Priviteria & Ahlgrim-Delzell, 2019). Researchers must state their inclusion and exclusion criteria when they select the target population.

Loins-B-EDR-8300-6 3 Inclusion and exterior criteria are characteristics potential participants must have to participate in the study. Source Population The source population is a subset of a specific population of interest considered for an absolute group of studies. Source population helps to clarify the underlying forces of target groups. A source population enables the study population in which all the individual organisms have an equal and impartial opportunity to be chosen for the population study. The source population is significant in selecting the quantity and circulation of a category to confirm the direction of species and assist in the precise forecast of the population gestures. Study Population Study population is a subset of the source population in which the participants confirm to participate in the study (Henry, 2009). The study population contains the designated characteristics designated when selecting the target and source populations and available for the research study (Daniel, 2012). A portion of the source population may not be unavailable for the researcher because the sources are deceased, could not be contacted or they refuse to participate. When this occurs, researchers may choose to conduct a census to involve the entire survey population in the study or streamline the population by developing a sampling frame to select participants (Daniel, 2012). Sampling Frame A sampling frame is a list or tool researchers use to define the population of interest for study (Copeland, 2017). It is a complete collection of features a researcher uses to choose sample participants in a specific order. For example, each member of the population will contain its own identity contact method which enables the researcher to classify and label information by

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Loins-B-EDR-8300-6 4 distribution features. It is important the sampling frame is large enough to accommodate the target population requirements.

Loins-B-EDR-8300-6 5 Sampling Methods and Criteria Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria Inclusion and exclusion criteria determine potential members of the target population that can or cannot be involved in research study (Daniel, 2012). Inclusive criteria comprise attributes that potential research participants must possess to be able to participate in the study. Examples of inclusion criteria are clinical, demographics and geographic. Exclusion criteria contain attributes that identify participants who should not be included in the study (Daniel, 2012). Examples of exclusion criteria include ethical considerations such as being a minor and someone who is unable to provide informed consent. Another example of exclusion criteria is being unable to read. Therefore, it is important researchers determine correct inclusion and exclusion criteria before recruiting potential participants. Representative Sampling through Sound Sampling Methods Representative sampling is a subset of a population that aims to correctly demonstrate the attributes of a larger population. The goal of representative sampling is to select components that align with key attributes in the full population that is examined. Researchers use representative sampling methods to get a better understanding of a population through gathering data from smaller, convenient groups. Researchers have multiple sampling methods such as sampling, purposive sampling, quota sampling, simple random sampling, systematic, stratified and cluster sampling. Each of these methods has its benefits and drawbacks. Researchers must ensure they have chosen the sampling method which is most appropriate for their study (Salkind, 2010; Daniel).

Loins-B-EDR-8300-6 6 Random (Probability) and Non-Probability Sampling After researchers have selected the study populations, they must confirm additional decisions about the study’s final participants if they are not able if calculation is not an ideal option (Daniel, 2012). Sampling methods consist of three categories: probability sampling, non-probability sampling, and mixed-methods sampling (Daniel, 2012). The following information will describe probability and non-probability sampling in detail. Probability Sampling Probability sampling gives every member of the study population an equal opportunity of being selected as a participant (Henry, 2009; Daniel, 2012; Privitera & Ahlgrim-Delzell, 2019). Researchers select participants from the target population and confirm participants’ availability for the study. Benefits of probability sampling method increasing opportunity of a representative and diverse population, leveraging quantitative studies, and decreasing selection bias from the researcher (Daniel, 2012). Three examples of probability sampling are: simplified sampling, random sampling, and cluster sampling (Daniel, 2012). Disadvantages of probability sampling are the opportunity that the sampling method may not provide a diverse or representative population and the researcher has less control to select participants with applicable characteristics (Henry, 2009; Daniel, 2012; Privitera & Ahlgrim-Delzell, 2019). Non-Probability Sampling Participants are intentionally selected with nonprobability sampling. The participants or subjects are selected from an available population or sampling frame (Henry, 2009; Daniel, 2012; Privitera & Ahlgrim-Delzell, 2019). When researchers can choose the participant selection, the population is more diverse and representative of the target population. Non- probability sampling is recommended for use with qualitative research studies because the sample population is smaller and contains varied population types (Henry, 2009; Daniel, 2012; Privitera & Ahlgrim-Delzell, 2019).

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Loins-B-EDR-8300-6 7 A disadvantage of non-probability sampling is researcher bias which negatively affects the sampling quality. Non- probability sampling is not recommended for quantitative research studies (Henry, 2012). Three types of non-probability sampling are snowball sampling, convenience sampling, and quota sampling (Daniel, 2012). Section 2: Evolving Study My proposed research study is to explore the perceptions of Generation Z new hire employees about the effectiveness of onboarding training program at a multi- national financial services company. The findings of my study are intended to evaluate the impact of onboarding training programs on Generation Z new hire employees’ job satisfaction, employee engagement and retention rate. The target population for my study is Generation Z cohort. The source population for my study is Generation Z new hire employees. The study population is Generation Z new hire employees working in a multi-national financial services company. Quantitative Study Sampling and Criteria If my study were executed through post-positivism paradigm using causal relationship between the variables compared to positivism. PostPositivism seeks objective answers by trying to recognize and work through the biases of the theories and information that theorists develop. Causal comparative was selected Ewing, S- 8300- 4-Submission with all revisions 5 because it attempts to explain causes of the existing conditions. This design will search for a relationship between dependent and independent variables after the event occurred. The goal of this design is to determine why it occurred and understand why it occurred to prevent it from re-occurring. Quasi- experimental design prevents randomization and leverages existing groups

Loins-B-EDR-8300-6 8 Were this study to be administered through a post-positivism paradigm, using a causal comparative (ex post facto) design, the sampling frame would be very much aligned with the population mentioned above. The sample population would consist of all students who meet the criteria of applying for a credit pathway as a first-time applicant who are adult aged (18 +) for the Fall 2023 semester at X community College. The focus of this study is to measure the success of students who possess vulnerability factors in comparison with students who do not possess these factors; as such, all applicants who meet these criteria must be included in the data. Exclusive criteria include students who apply for non-credit pathways, transfer or returning students, and dual or concurrent ( Qualitative Study Sampling and Sample Criteria If my study were executed with a Constructivism paradigm, the focus would be on participatory action research and the desire to make a change in the world. The participatory action research design as it relates to my proposed topic seeks to identify improvement areas in Gen Z new hire employees’ perceptions of the onboarding program. This design is valid and reliable because it accomplishes the purpose of the study, and the design could be used in other areas to produce consistent outcomes.

Loins-B-EDR-8300-6 9 Section 3: Study Feasibility via Population and Sampling Choices Concerns of feasibility are centered around five factors: expertise in the subject, cost- effectiveness, time constraints, participant accessibility, and human subject protection (Booker- Zorigan & Lloyd, 2021). Feasibility in terms of this study has been considered when choosing the intended population and sampling design. I am an expert on the enrollment process for X community college and have worked in enrollment service departments for just under 13 years. The cost of the study will be minimal to none, as I have access to staff who may write the requested report with all of the necessary variables. Likewise, as an employee and student of higher education, I have access to tools for statistical analysis. For quantitative study options, I will request that the staff member(s) who write the report redact any personally identifiable 9 information to protect the participants. For qualitative study options, I will work with my institution’s IRB board and Enrollment Services Department to ensure that selected participants’ information is protected at every step. Lastly, with hundreds of new students enrolling each semester, the probability of accessing a heterogenous sample population is likely; however, this will not be known until the enrollment cycle has begun.

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Loins-B-EDR-8300-6 10

Loins-B-EDR-8300-6 11 References Booker-Zorigan, B., & Lloyd, C. (2021, June 9). EDR-8300-week 6 feasibility. Video]. Kaltura.Copeland, K. R. (Academic). (2017). An introduction to sample design [Video]. Daniel, J. (2012). Sampling essentials: Practical guidelines for making sampling choices. SAGE. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781452272047 Elfil, M., & Negida, A. (2017). Sampling methods in clinical research: An educational review. Emergency, 5(1), e52. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5325924/ Henry, G. T. (2009). Practical sampling. In L. Bickman, & D. J. Rog The SAGE handbook of applied social research methods (pp. 77-105). SAGE Privitera, G.J., & Ahlgrim-Delzell, L. (2019). Research methods for education. SAGE. Salkind, N. J. (2010). Sampling. In Encyclopedia of research design (Vol. 1, pp. 1303-1305). SAGE. https://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781412961288.n398

Loins,B-EDR-8300-6

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