u02a1_Andrea Steht

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Social Media in Juvenile Justice Andrea Steht Department of Public Service, Capella University SWK 5016: Integrative Technology in Advanced Social Work Practice Dr. Griselda Villalobos May 1, 2023

Social Media in Juvenile Justice Status crimes are offences committed by a certain class of people, mainly minors, that are not considered crimes when committed by others. In the United States, examples of status crimes committed by minors are running away, breaking curfew, truancy, etc. Many times, these crimes are due to the minor coming from a single-parent home, or they have an older sibling involved in the juvenile justice system. There are 2.8 million children that run away each year. Many of these children run away to escape from physical or sexual abuse. Most runaway before age 18. The children that stay on the streets often gage in delinquent behavior such as shoplifting, selling drugs, panhandling, and robbery. The number of child and adolescent runaways rises each year. Also, child abuse increases the risk of adolescents becoming perpetrators (Kreager, et.al., 2011; Li & Lerner, 2011) The Runaway and Homeless Youth Act of 1974 is an important piece of legislation. It was the start of providing services for runaway and homeless youth, especially those that are sexually exploited. There have been many reauthorizations to this act, the most recent being in 2020. This act helps to provide monies to states to fund programs for these youth. There are 3 major programs covered under RHYA. They are the Basic Center Programs, the transitional living program, and the street outreach program. Each of these programs serve a different population of homeless youth. HR 5191 is the most recent reauthorization of RHYA. One important component is this act provides community-based, trauma-informed services to homeless youth. 100% of youth in Juvenile Detention facilities experience trauma, whether it’s abuse at home, being homeless, or just being removed from their environments due to incarceration.

The Basic Center Programs are very important when helping homeless youth and runaways. These programs offer crisis intervention, after school programs, tutoring, etc. In Illinois, the Illinois Coalition for Community Services ran these programs. When a runaway youth is found, a youth counselor meets the youth and family in a public setting. This mostly happens at police stations late at night and very, very early in the morning. The first goal is to find a safe place for the youth to stay until counseling can begin. The youth counselor sets up the first meeting. The counselor typically meets with the youth and family for about 6 weeks. This is mainly for mediation purposes and to teach the family conflict resolution skills so that the youth will stay home until the age of 18 and so the youth does not end up incarcerated. The basic center programs must offer food, clothing, medical care, and other services youth may need (either directly or by referral). The program must also offer individual, group, and family counseling, education and employment assistance, outreach to youth who may need assistance, and aftercare services for youth following their stay at a shelter. Transitional Living Programs are no longer in place in Indiana. These programs are supposed to be for youth ages 16 to 21. The main problem is youth under 18 cannot sign a legal contract, so most states have TLPs for you ages 18-21. This still leaves a small population of youth homeless. These programs are often run by the same organizations that run the Basic Center Programs or BCPs. The Street Outreach Program has no housing component. These programs are to reach the more aggressive homeless youth population. Many of these youth are involved in gangs and may have criminal records. They are also tied to the BCPs. The main motivation for SOPs is to counteract sexual exploitation of minors. It is the only program that emphasizes organizations going into the streets to reach youth. The greatest hinderance is drop-in centers are limited in their hours

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due to the legality of youth staying in a drop-in center at night without a parent’s permission. Many times, youths seek help when drop-in centers are closed. The Family and Youth Services Bureau sets the requirements for the programs. They also select which organizations are awarded grants to provide the programs. FYSB is a part of the US Department of Health and Human Services. Its main mission is to support the organizations and communities that provide services and fight to end youth homelessness, adolescent pregnancy, and domestic violence. There are several things that the US should do to make RHYA better. First, the US should change its definition of homeless youth. According to Glassman, Karno, and Erdem, RHYA defines homeless youth as “…not more than 21 years of age for whom it is not possible to live in a safe environment with a relative and who has no other safe alternative living arrangement.” RHYA defines runaway youth as “a youth who is under 18 years of age who absents himself or herself from home or place of legal residence without the permission of parents or legal guardians.” Street youth are defined as “run away or are indefinitely or intermittently homeless and spend a significant amount of time on the street or in other areas that increase their risk for sexual abuse, sexual exploitation, prostitution, or drug abuse.” RHYA focuses mainly on the youth’s age and puts the youth or their family at fault for the homelessness. The US definitions do not mention social or structural causes for homelessness Glassman, Karno, and Erdem (2010) pointed out that “the definitions are too restrictive and define homeless youth in terms of discrete, static categories rather than along any type of continuum. The definitions portray homeless youth in terms of who they are and not by what they are experiencing.” UNICEF (1986) defines street children as candidates for the street: working children and youth who live with their poor families, children on the street: working children and youth who maintain some family connections, but receive inadequate and/or

sporadic support, and children of the street: working children and youth who have been abandoned or have been sent away by their families and consequently live without family support. UNSECO (1995) defines street youth as any boy or girl for whom the street in the widest sense of the word and has become his or her habitual abode and/or source of livelihood, and who is inadequately protected, supervised, or directed by responsible adults.” Social media can play a role in raising awareness of these youth. When a juvenile runs away from home, parents may try to find them using Facebook, Instagram, TikTok, etc. These applications may also be used by law enforcement and youth counselors to find runaway juveniles. These applications can also be used to raise awareness of what status crimes are and how juveniles are effected by them.

References Basic Center Program Fact Sheet . The Administration for Children and Families. (n.d.). https://www.acf.hhs.gov/fysb/fact-sheet/basic-center-program-fact-sheet. Glassman, M., Karno, D., & Erdem, G. (2010). The problems and barriers of RHYA as social policy. Children and Youth Services Review , 32 (6), 798–806. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2010.01.017 Model Programs Guide: Home . Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention. (n.d.). http://www.ojjdp.gov/mpg. MOREWITZ, S. T. E. P. H. E. N. J. (2018). Chapter 21: Runaway and Homeless Youth Needs: Legislation and Policy Options. In RUNAWAY AND HOMELESS YOUTH: new research and clinical perspectives . essay, SPRINGER. S.821 - 93rd Congress (1973-1974): An Act to provide a comprehensive, coordinated approach to the problems of juvenile delinquency, and for other purposes. Congress.gov. (1974, September 7). https://www.congress.gov/bill/93rd-congress/senate-bill/821?q=%7B %22search%22%3A%5B%2293-415%22%5D%7D&r=1&s=5. UNESCO. (1995) Working with street children: Selected case-studies from Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Paris:United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.

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UNICEF (1986). Children in especially difficult circumstances. United Nations Chidlren’s Fund, E/ICEF/1986/L.3. Van Hollen, C. (2020, October 1). S.4791 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): Community-Based Response Act . Congress.gov. https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/4791?s=1&r=4. Yarmuth, J. A. (2020, December 28). Text - H.R.5191 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): Runaway and Homeless Youth and Trafficking Prevention Act of 2020 . Congress.gov. https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/5191/text.

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